<p>House VI, or the Frank Residence, is a significant building designed by Peter Eisenman, completed in 1975. His second built work, the getaway house, located on Great Hollow Road near Bird&#39;s Eye Brook in Cornwall, Connecticut  has become famous for both its revolutionary definition of a house as much as for the physical problems of design and difficulty of use. At the time of construction, the architect was known almost exclusively as a theorist and "paper architect," promulgating a highly formalist approach to architecture he calls "postfunctionalism." Rather than form following function or an aesthetic design, the design emerged from a conceptual process, and remains pinned to that conceptual framework.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, Eisenmans limited construction experience meant that the entire building was poorly detailed. The tiny building took 3 years to build, went completely over budget, and finally had to be reconstructed in 1987, leaving only the basic structure original. The Franks, in Peter Eisenmans House VI: The Client&#39;s Response, claim that they nonetheless love living in such a poetic structure, which they inhabit with their children. Also on the property is a barn for guests and supplies that do not fit in the kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The building is meant to be a "record of design process," where the structure that results is the methodical manipulation of a grid. To start, Eisenman created a form from the intersection of four planes, subsequently manipulating the structures again and again, until coherent spaces began to emerge. In this way, the fragmented slabs and columns lack a traditional purpose, or even a conventional modernist one. The envelope and structure of the building are just a manifestation of the changed elements of the original four slabs, with some limited modifications. The purely conceptual design meant that the architecture is strictly plastic, bearing no relationship to construction techniques or purely ornamental form.</p><br>
<p>Consequently, the use of the building was intentionally ignored - not fought against. Eisenman grudgingly permitted a handful of compromises, such as a bathroom, but the staircase lacks a handrail, there is a column abutting the kitchen table, and a glass strip originally divided the bedroom, preventing the installation of a double bed.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lincoln, 1,240 ft, is a high point on the Pelham Dome or Pelham Hills, an upland plateau overlooking the Connecticut River Valley in Pelham, Massachusetts . The mountain is mostly wooded, but a fire tower located on the summit provides views of the Holyoke Range and the east-central Pioneer Valley. The summit, located within the University of Massachusetts Amherst&#39;s 1,200 acre Cadwell Memorial Forest, is traversed by the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and is the home of the Five Colleges radio station beacon.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Mount Lincoln drains into Hop Brook and Amethyst Brook, thence into Fort River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Jabish Brook, following its course into Belchertown, Massachusetts where the watershed splits into the Jabish Canal and Jabish Brook. The Jabish Canal flows into Broad Brook, thence into the Chicopee River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound; Jabish Brook flows into the Swift River, the Ware River, thence the Chicopee River, Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Cadwell Memorial Forest</h2><br>
<p>The forest is named after Frank A. Cadwell (1860–1935), a successful local businessman orphaned at age sixteen following a logging accident that killed his father. Cadwell began his business career as an apprentice at the Amherst Ice Company and quickly rose to prominence as a land speculator and banker. Cadwell&#39;s widow donated the land to the University of Massachusetts Department of Forestry in 1952 to divest herself of having to pay taxes on the property. The University currently uses the forest to conduct silvaculture and ecosystem research.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail traverses over the summit of Mt. Lincoln. Because this section, #11, of the M&M Trail is not entirely on public land, re-routing of the trail because of private ownership issues remains a concern.</p><br>
<p>The Old City Hall, also known as the Red Castle, located in downtown Omaha, Nebraska was located at the corner of 18th and Farnam Streets. Completed in 1890, the building was demolished 1966 after controversy erupted over landmark preservation in the city. Along with Omaha&#39;s Old Post Office, the Old City Hall became a rallying call for more deliberate efforts by the community and city leaders.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>After an 1889 architectural competition won by Omaha architects Fowler & Beindorff, the City Hall was built by the construction firm of John F. Coots from Detroit, Michigan. The building cost approximately $550,000 to construct, and included several interesting features. A raised basement and first floor were built of granite, while the second through fifth floors were of red sandstone. Solid oak lined every interior wall, while the Victorian-style city council chamber featured a large brass chandelier. There were murals throughout the building by artist Gustave Fuchs, and "birdcage" elevators brought guests to the sixth floor of the building, which was added in 1916. Marble stairs led from the main entrance to a second-floor atrium court, and at the southwest corner of the building a clock tower rose nearly 20 stories into the air. A steepled roof crowned the building, with gargoyles abounding.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 Omaha mayor James C. Dahlman ordered the destruction of the top section of the tower, and in 1950 the building was completely renovated, destroying the original facade. In 1962 the City of Omaha Public Works Director officially classified the building as dangerous, and in 1966 Mayor A.V. Sorensen sold it to the Woodmen of the World. Late that year they demolished it along with the historic Bee Building in order to building the Woodmen Tower.</p><br>
<p>Wynnewood, also known as Castalian Springs, is a historic estate in Castalian Springs, Sumner County, Tennessee. Now administered by the state as the Wynnewood State Historic Site, it includes an 1828 former inn that is the largest existing log structure in Tennessee. The property is operated by the Bledsoe&#39;s Lick Association under an agreement with the Tennessee Historical Commission. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wynnewood is located in southeastern Sumner County, on the west side of the hamlet of Castalian Springs, on the south side of Old Highway 25. Set on 8 acre overlooking Lick Creek to the north and west, its main feature is a group of six log buildings. The largest of the these, the former inn, is two stories in height and measures 110 x. It is built in an oversized version of the traditional dogtrot house, with two separate white oak log structures joined via a central enclosed space under a common roof. Attached to this main building via a covered back porch atre two kitchens. Other detached buildings, all built of cedar logs, include a smokehouse, office, and 20th-century garage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main building was built in 1828 by A. R. Wynne, William Cage, and Stephen Roberts, to serve as a stagecoach inn for travelers between Nashville and Knoxville, and for people taking the waters of the nearby sulphur springs. In 1834, Wynne purchased his partners&#39; shares in the property and moved into the inn with his family, where he resided until his death in 1893. The property was purchased from the Wynne family by the state in 1970 and developed as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>On February 5, 2008, during the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak, Wynnewood suffered major damage to much of the second story, roof, and trees on the property. It re-opened to the public on July 4, 2012 after a four-year, $4 million restoration project funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), insurance proceeds, and the state government of Tennessee. More of the property is now open to the public than was the case before the tornado.</p><br>
<p>Plum Grove is a historic house located in Iowa City, United States. Plum Grove was the retirement home of Gov. Robert Lucas and the childhood home of the author Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1844, Lucas lived there with his wife, Friendly, and several children and grandchildren. Lucas died at Plum Grove in 1853, and his family moved out by 1866.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent owners include the Hoyt family, who were associated with the Eleutherian College, and Plum Grove was the birthplace of Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd in 1868. The house was subsequently occupied by the family of Jacob Carroll Switzer, a Civil War hero, and then by a number of immigrant and impoverished families. It was bought by the state of Iowa in 1943 and refurbished as a monument to Lucas.</p><br>
<p>The house is maintained by the Johnson County Historical Society, but owned by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The house is open for tours Memorial Day through Labor Day on Wednesdays though Sundays, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Between Labor Day and October 31 it is open Saturday and Sunday, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and by group appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The grounds have been the focus of archaeological research since 1974, documenting Iowa frontier history and changes in farming from 1844 until 1943. Most of this work was led by the now late Dr. Thomas Charlton who was with the University of Iowa&#39;s Department of Anthropology. Previous excavations have uncovered house additions, outbuildings, and a large trench full of butchered animal bones.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern has a long and storied history that begins with its genesis as the home of George B. Gooding, who amassed a large amount of farmland and used his home as a stagecoach stop and tavern during the earliest years of Delaware Countys development. Also known as "Halfway House" and the "Gooding Tavern," this property was well situated on what is now USA Route 23 previously known as "Mud Pike", about halfway between the town of Worthington, Ohio on the south and the town of Delaware, Ohio on the north. Owned by the Gooding family for 175 years, this farmstead and tavern played an important role in the commercial development of Orange Township and Delaware County during the 19th century and early 20th century. The property demonstrates the broad pattern of Ohios transportation-related commerce in the early 19th century, when inns and taverns were built to accommodate and sustain the traveler.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House provides an example of the architectural evolution of a property from Ohio&#39;s settlement period, through the more prosperous years of the mid-19th century, to the changes brought by the early 20th century. The building exhibits significant architectural features from each of these three periods: 1820s Federal influences, 1850s early Italianate influences, and 1910s Colonial Revival and Craftsman influences. Each era was important to the architectural evolution of the property as it was occupied by succeeding generations of the Gooding family.</p><br>
<h2>The Gooding family and property history</h2><br>
<p>George B. Gooding, born in 1796 in Massachusetts, built the Gooding House and Tavern. In 1826, Gooding purchased 250 acre bounded on the east by the north-south road that was to become the Columbus-Sandusky Turnpike that same year. Anticipating increased traffic and a good business opportunity, George Gooding built a tavern facing the road in 1827.</p><br>
<p>In addition to running the tavern, George Gooding was expanding his farm, becoming well known as one of the most productive Delaware County farmers of the early 19th century. By 1850, Gooding amassed about 1,000 acre on both sides of USA 23, and his farm produced about 300 lb of wool, 900 lb of butter and 1,000 lb of cheese yearly.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding family held the property until 2001 when it was sold, ending 175 years of continuous family ownership.</p><br>
<p>The property was restored in 2007 and today houses a media buying company (Strategic Media Placement), a post-production company, and a media company,.</p><br>
<h2>Gooding Tavern history</h2><br>
<p>George B. Gooding&#39;s tavern was also known as "Halfway House," reflecting its strategic location halfway between Worthington and Delaware. Given the difficulties of stagecoach and wagon travel over the Columbus Pike, the Gooding Tavern was a principal and popular stop on the route between these two towns. Among the stories told about the house, it is said that Mrs. Gooding "made 40 pies at a time and would place them in the ice house, which still sits behind the house, to cool. In the winter, ice would be cut from the river and laid down in the sawdust in the ice house to keep the food through the hot summer." It is also reported that General William Henry Harrison stayed at the Gooding Tavern on his way to his inaugural in 1841.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural development and context</h2><br>
<p>The original Gooding Tavern building had a Flemish bond facade and was 5 bays wide. If it was a two-story building, the upper floor was removed and rebuilt c. 1854. It is also possible that it was only one story or 1½ story high, and was greatly expanded at mid-century. The tax records indicate a change in the value of the Gooding House in the mid-1850s. The tax assessment had remained constant during the 1840s, but dropped off in 1854 to $450, followed by a significant jump to $1800 in 1855. The huge jump between 1854 and 1855 indicates that significant improvements were made to the house in 1854.</p><br>
<p>At the age of 58, George Gooding appeared to be prospering as a farmer. The addition of railroad transportation to Orange Station in 1850, the construction of the east-west connecting Gooding Road, now Orange Road, in the 1840s and early 1850s, and the continuing use of the building as a tavern (a "license to keep tavern" was issued to George Gooding in 1853) all contributed to the ability of George Gooding to make improvements to his property. The change from Flemish bond pattern brick on the first story to common bond pattern brick on the second story provides evidence that the second floor was built after the Federal period. Early Italianate characteristics include the wide eaves with carved brackets, the segmental arch windows with six-over-six sash; and the front entry enframement. On the interior, the front stair handrail and newel post appear to date from the mid-19th century, as does the heavily-molded woodwork on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern was under the ownership of Harry Gooding, George Gooding&#39;s grandson, when the significant 1917 alterations took place. At that time, Harry Gooding was continuing to farm the property. Ninety years had passed since his grandfather had first built a tavern here, and as many as 60 years had elapsed since the house had been expanded and perhaps updated. Much had changed in those years, including electrification and indoor plumbing, not to mention architectural tastes and styles. The Colonial Revival style was gaining popularity, along with the Arts and Crafts movement of the teens and twenties. Harry Gooding made a major investment in the home in 1916–1917, completely transforming the first floor with the addition of casement replacement windows, elaborate window and door trim, new exterior and interior doors, wall and ceiling paneling, new fireplace mantles, and built-in cupboards, casework and seating. A large double casement window with window seat was added to the dining room. Bathrooms on first and second floors were added then, and the kitchen was updated as well.</p><br>
<h2>Tavern context</h2><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern is an example of a four-over-four building type that reflects its early origins as a tavern. Its massing and plan are common to early-19th-century taverns and inns that were found in rural areas along the National Road and other early roads in Ohio</p><br>
<p>Small-scale rural taverns often had common floor plan features. When George Gooding made his modifications to the house in 1854, it was still being used as a tavern. The 1917 modifications made by his grandson signal a different era in the history of the property, when the road in front was paved and the automobile was an increasingly common sight.</p><br>
<h2>Summary</h2><br>
<p>In summary, the Gooding House and Tavern has evolved from its beginnings as an early-19th-century tavern, incorporating architectural changes as it was passed to succeeding generations of the same family over 175 years. It remains a significant remnant of the early rural history of the Orange Township in Delaware County. The building served as a tavern for approximately 30 years in the early 19th century, contributing significantly to the patterns of transportation commerce that existed along the Columbus and Sandusky Pike during that period. The home continued in the ownership of the same family for the next 145 years, with modifications made that illustrate important architectural trends during different periods of history, most notably the mid-19th century and early 20th century. It retains its distinctive architectural character today.</p><br>
<p>Cedarcroft, also known as Bayard Taylor House, is a historic house on Gatehouse Drive in Chester County, Pennsylvania near Kennett Square. It was built in 1859 for writer Bayard Taylor , and is a good local example of Italianate architecture. It remained Taylors home until 1874, and is where he wrote some of his well-known works. It has been a private residence for most of its existence, spending a few years in the early 20th century as a private boys school. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with Taylor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Taylor built the mansion he named Cedarcroft near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania in 1859–1860. He personally supervised its construction, including its two-foot walls and tall tower, and later wrote a series of articles about it. He also owned the surrounding 200 acres of land which he had spent several years acquiring. He described the buildings design as "large and stately, simple in its forms, without much ornament... expressive of strength and ornament." Several of Taylors writings were either written at Cedarcroft or reference it, including his 1863 book The Poet&#39;s Journal, which he dedicated to his wife as "the Mistress of Cedarcroft".</p><br>
<p>Taylor pushed to complete the new home shortly after the birth of his daughter Lilian in 1858 and increased his writings for periodicals and offered several lectures to acquire the necessary revenue. Taylor laid the cornerstone for the house&#39;s tower on June 9, 1859, with a hidden time capsule. That zinc box, he wrote, contains coins, a newspaper, a copy of his book Views Afoot, as well as "an original poem by me, to be read five hundred years hence by somebody who has never heard of me."</p><br>
<p>Upon moving into the home in 1860, Taylors family performed a farcical play co-written with Richard Henry Stoddard. Outside the house, Taylor planted a number of fruits and vegetables, including Latakia tobacco and melons. Plants included a giant sequoia from California, ivy, Dutchmans pipe, Virginia creeper, wisteria, and trumpet flower. After visiting the house, Sidney Lanier wrote a poem called "Under the Cedarcroft Chestnut" about a tree there that was alleged to be 800 years old. The first work which Taylor himself wrote while living in Cedarcroft was his semi-autobiographical poetic series The Poet&#39;s Journal, written within a month after moving in, though not published until 1862.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the home cost $15,000 by February 1860, which was $5,000 more than anticipated and left Taylor in debt. Out of precaution, Taylor acquired weapons and buried his manuscripts before leaving the country and visiting Europe.</p><br>
<p>Because of financial and political issues, Taylor only spent four out of the first eight summers at Cedarcroft. Instead, he traveled, gave lectures, and continued his literary work in New York. In the spring of 1862, he was chief war correspondent for the New York Tribune and visited the army at the lines in Virginia and reported on Congress in Washington, D.C. Later that year, he took a diplomatic job as chargé d&#39;affaires at Saint Petersburg in Russia. The job was short-lived, however, and his financial problems continued. Further, Taylor had some difficulty with his neighbors, mostly conservative Quakers, who disapproved of his use of alcohol and cigars as well as his late-night gatherings.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, Taylor complained to his mother, "If I had known, in 1859, how prices were to change, and labor to be dear and unreliable, and the neighborhood to go backwards instead of forwards, I never should have built at all." Further, he admitted he wanted to live in New York and considered his experiment at a country life combined with literature was "a dead failure, and I have been carrying it on now for several years... out of stubborn unwillingness to admit that I was mistaken." By 1875, he left the home to the care of his parents, sister and brother-in-law.</p><br>
<h2>After Taylor</h2><br>
<p>Taylor died in Germany on December 19, 1878.</p><br>
<p>In September 1905, the home, along with a new 3-story building behind it, was opened as a private preparatory school for boys. The first class included seven boys under the leadership of Principal Jesse Evans Philips, though later years saw between 32 and 40 enrolled for each class. Among the school&#39;s students was future professional baseball player Herb Pennock. At 18 years old, Pennock was signed to the Philadelphia Athletics in 1912; he was later traded to the Boston Red Sox and then the New York Yankees. Pennock, nicknamed "The Squire of Kennett Square", was posthumously inducted into the baseball hall of fame in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It stands surrounded by suburban neighborhood of mostly single-story tract housing built in the 1950s, at the junction of Gatehouse Drive and Potter Road.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsbridge Armory, also known as the Eighth Regiment Armory, is located on West Kingsbridge Road in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It was built in the 1910s, from a design by the firm of then-state architect Lewis Pilcher to house the National Guard&#39;s Eighth Coastal Artillery Regiment unit which relocated from Manhattan in 1917. It is possibly the largest armory in the world.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its military function, it has been used over the years for exhibitions, boxing matches, and a film set. After World War II the city offered it to the United Nations as a temporary meeting place. In 1974 it was designated a city landmark, and eight years later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its military use ended and it was turned over to city management in 1996. Since then it has remained vacant as various proposals to redevelop it have failed, including one which turned into a flashpoint over living wage policies and ended in a rare defeat for the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg. In 2013, a new plan to redevelop it as the world&#39;s largest indoor ice center was announced, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. One National Guard unit has continued to use an annex in the rear until a new headquarters can be found.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The armory complex occupies almost the entire 5 acre block between West Kingsbridge on the south, Jerome Avenue on the east, West 195th Street on the North and Reservoir Avenue on the west. Barnhill Square, the junction of Kingsbridge and Reservoir, is on the southwest corner. Above Jerome is the Kingsbridge Road station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line New York City Subways, from which the armorys west end is visible.</p><br>
<p>An empty moat runs across the front entrance of the building. There are parking lots and sidewalks along the side. In the center of the north side, on West 195th, are two smaller buildings, one a garage and the other a locker room and classrooms. Both are considered non-contributing to the Register listing.</p><br>
<p>On the north are public schools 86 and 340, with Jerome Park Reservoir to the northwest and Lehman College of the City University of New York about a block north. On the other three sides is dense urban mixed-use development. St. James Park is a few blocks to the southeast, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, overlooking the Harlem River and Major Deegan Expressway (Interstate 87), two blocks to the east. The terrain slopes slightly toward the river.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a nine-story red brick edifice with a curved, sloping metal roof, with glass in the field at either end. Its brickwork has been considered among the city&#39;s finest. Stone is used for trim, especially around the slit windows at regular intervals. A corbeled stone string course runs below the parapeted roof the length of the building. Above the corbels, and at the corners, are turrets.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the south elevation is the two-story office wing and main entrance, a section known as the headhouse. Two semi-engaged towers with conical roofs rise at its front above the roofline. The transition to the office wing from the main wall is marked by angled walls, two low round towers with conical roofs and cupolas and two square towers.</p><br>
<p>Between them is the main entrance, a round arch with heavy iron gates and paneled double doors with stone steps and walls. They are topped with a stone projection on corbels and a crenellated parapet. In the brick above the entrance is the regimental motif in terra cotta, a shield over an eagle with draped flags.</p><br>
<p>Inside is a 180,000 ft&sup2; drill hall and an 800-seat auditorium. A four-centered double truss 100 ft high spans the ceiling. Two cellar levels, which used to house military vehicles, also provide space for storage, lecture halls, and fitness rooms, that included a basketball court and a 400 ft shooting range.</p><br>
<p>In the office wing, the entry hall has square brick piers supporting the segmental arches that frame the groin vaults. Brick quoins decorate the piers and intrados. The commander&#39;s office, upstairs, is done in the Colonial Revival style, with engaged columns, fielded panel walls and an Adamesque fireplace mantel.</p><br>
<h3>Aesthetics</h3><br>
<p>Architect Lewis Pilcher&#39;s design was an engineering feat, probably inspired by the large trainsheds of contemporary railroad stations. Six years after its 1917 completion, the Architectural Record described it as epitomizing "simplicity, directness, convenience, and adaptation to special requirements". The Record quoted Pilcher himself as saying it was "perhaps the most interesting of all the armory designs in the country. The necessities of mobilization... were successfully met."</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, it has been described as "schizoid", appearing as "two distinct and incongruous buildings." The medieval architecture of the office wing echoed social concerns of the 1880s, when the National Guard was frequently called out to suppress civil unrest such as strikes. The towers and crenellation suggested the authority and power of the military of an earlier time.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1910s, the Guard was more integrated with the Army, and their units became more focused on national defense purposes, training and equipping for the battlefield instead of the streets. The design of the drill shed reflects this changing function, its steel and glass making the whole a stylistic hybrid similar to the Brooklyn Bridge and the 1901 Squadron C Armory in Brooklyn, also designed by Pilcher&#39;s firm, the first armory in which the steel drill hall is a prominent element when seen from the outside. "It points toward a moment when historical ornament will be stripped away," writes David Bady of Lehman College, "leaving engineering to be admired as architecture."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>As an armory</h3><br>
<p>The Eighth Regiment dates to 1786. Since it was part of the honor guard at George Washington&#39;s inauguration, it later acquired the informal name of the Washington Greys. Since 1895, it had been based at the old Squadron A Armory on Park Avenue in Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the New York State Legislature authorized the construction of a new armory using what had already been excavated as the planned eastern basin for Jerome Park Reservoir. Some military artifacts were unearthed, probably from the nearby sites of Revolutionary War forts Independence and Number Five, but no formal archeological survey was done. The firm of Lewis Pilcher, who became state architect two years later, was commissioned.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the armory was active in the war effort. Herbert Lehman, a former governor and USA Senator, ceremonially reviewed 10,000 troops there at a 1942 event. It was one of the few registration sites in the city for immigrants from enemy nations. After the war the city offered it to the United Nations General Assembly as a temporary meeting place until the main UN building was finished.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 the two rear buildings were constructed. It was designated a city landmark in 1974. At that time the city&#39;s Landmarks Preservation Commission called it "an outstanding example of military architecture." Over the years following, the main armory building was neglected, and by the 1990s, the Guard units who called it home were running most of their operations from the annex buildings on West 195th.</p><br>
<p>For a period in the 1980s it was used as a homeless shelter. In 1994, one of the community school districts proposed that new schools be built on the site. The state Division of Military and Naval Affairs transferred title to the armory and its property to New York City two years later, whereupon the city began trying to find a new location for two of the three units that trained at the armory.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment proposals</h3><br>
<p>As early as 1994 community activists had agitated for all or some of the armory to be adapted for school use, due to overcrowding of other nearby schools. Local opposition in 2000 stopped a redevelopment plan that did not include schools. Afterwards, they persuaded the city to spend $31 million replacing the armory&#39;s roof and making other repairs.</p><br>
<p>After all Guard units save the 258th Field Artillery Regiment, the descendant of the original Eighth Regiment, left, the city gave a grant to a local nonprofit, the Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (BOEDC), to come up with a plan for reuse and redevelopment. It was estimated that structural repairs alone would cost as much as $40 million. Proposals ranged from the school plan to one from City Councilman G. Oliver Koppell to develop it into an amateur athletic center. A BOEDC official likened the process to "dealing with several buildings in one."</p><br>
<p>The armory had always been available for temporary uses. Over the years it had hosted dog and boat shows, as well as boxing matches. The music video for the song "Just Tonight" by rock band The Pretty Reckless was filmed at the armory in 2010.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, as the city prepared to announce the winning bidder, local activists, community groups and labor unions formed the Kingsbridge Armory Redevelopment Alliance (KARA) to pressure the city for a Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) as part of the project. A CBA would have required living wage provisions and union representation not only for any construction work but for jobs with any tenants. KARA also sought to have schools included in the plan, which city officials said was impossible.</p><br>
<p>The winning bidder, The Related Companies, pledged to invest $310 million in redeveloping the armory into a shopping mall complex. The company already had negotiated a CBA for its Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, but never reached any agreement with KARA for the armory, saying its wage demands would have made it impossible to attract tenants. Concerns were also raised about traffic issues a mall might create. In 2009, opposition was strong enough that when the citys Planning Commission approved the project, the vote by the usually unanimous body split 8-4 with one abstention, with representatives appointed by the Manhattan and Queens borough presidents joined their Bronx counterpart and the Public Advocates representative.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the full City Council rejected the plan by 45-1, with one abstention. Mayor Michael Bloomberg expressed disappointment that the proposal had failed, one of the rare redevelopment proposals from his administration to suffer that fate. The mayor&#39;s veto was overridden 48-1, with an absention, a week later.</p><br>
<p>Related blamed its failure on KARAs wage demands. The activist group said it was "one step closer to achieving a redeveloped Armory that truly benefits the community." Residents of the area were defiant. "Were not suckers in the Bronx," one said. "We&#39;re not going to take whatever somebody is offering." Some said they felt the neighborhood needed schools more than malls.</p><br>
<p>Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz, Jr., made the defeat of Related&#39;s plan the starting point of a campaign to get living-wage legislation enacted citywide for taxpayer-subsidized projects. Bloomberg later blocked plans to move the Guard unit still at the armory to another facility in the borough, and advocated for opening a homeless shelter in the other annex building, a move perceived as retaliation. Governor-elect Andrew Cuomo named Diaz to his transition team on economic development, which was also seen as a message to Bloomberg.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to plan a redevelopment of the armory continue. In fall of 2010, Diazs office retained graduate students and faculty in the Capstone Program at New York Universitys Wagner School of Public Service to develop a plan. Diaz later skipped a meeting with Bloombergs deputies as a protest against the mayors plan to use the armory as one of several new homeless shelters.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 a new redevelopment proposal was announced. A Deutsche Bank group proposed what it claimed would be the worlds largest indoor ice rink complex, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center, with nine ice rinks and 5,000 seat ice hockey arena in. Two New York skating stars, New York Rangers icon Mark Messier and Olympic gold medalist Sarah Hughes, served as spokespeople. Diaz has given it his endorsement as well, although residents of the area were less enthusiastic. After review by the citys Economic Development Corporation, Bloomberg and Messier appeared at a press conference in April 2013 to announce the city and the developers had reached a deal, which still required the approval of council.</p><br>
<p>Milea  is a village and a community of the Grevena municipality. The 2011 census recorded 205 residents in the village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The villages original position has changed in the early 70s, when it was completely abandoned due to soil instability. The aforementioned village is now called Palia Milea (Παλιά Μηλέα, which means Old Milea) and it maintains its original architecture where stone is the prevailing material.</p><br>
<h2>Natural History Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1997 an inhabitant called Athanasios Delivos discovered the first pair of tusks by chance, after a heavy rainfall. Their length is 4,39m. Dr. Evaggelia Tsoukala with her colleagues from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was responsible for the excavations. During the excavations which also continued in the sequential years, a partial skeleton of the mastodont Mammut borsoni (Hays, 1834) (Proboscidea) was discovered. The skeleton includes substantial portions of the skull — maxillary area — with left and right molar series, with the longest upper tusks ever found in Greece (4.39 m), the most complete mandible with left and right molar series (M2 + M3) and two lower incisor tusks, as well as post-cranial skeleton. It represents a very large adult of about 40 years in age.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Dr. Tsoukala and her team discovered new, longer tusks along with other findings. Their length is 5,02m and they have been awarded the Worlds Guinness Records Award. The mastodonts age is evaluated at 3.000.000 years. Various other parts of mastodonts and other pre-historic animals were found there. All those findings can be seen at the Natural History Museum of Milia. It already counts more than 15.000 visitors from all over the world.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin West Birthplace is a historic home located on the campus of Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was the birthplace of artist Benjamin West , who was an influential mentor to a generation of American painters, including Gilbert Stuart and Charles Willson Peale. His birthplace was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It presently serves as Swarthmore&#39;s visitor information center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin West Birthplace stands on the east side of the Swarthmore campus, just west of North Chester Road off Visitor Center Road. It is a 2-1/2 story stone structure, with a gabled roof pierced by two gabled dormers on each side. The main facade is five bays wide, with a centered entrance sheltered by a gabled portico. The interior does not have any original 18th-century features, the building having been gutted by fire in 1874. At that time its interior was rebuilt, and an ell added to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was reportedly built about 1724, when the area was still part of Springfield Township. Benjamin West was born in this house in 1738 into a Quaker family, but was himself an Anglican for most of his life. He was one of the first American-born artists to be trained in Italy, and settled in England in 1763, where he embarked on a successful career as a painter, working primarily on commission to King George III. He is important in the history of American art for his role in supporting the early careers of a number of Americans who achieved great success, including Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Sully, Rembrandt Peale, and Charles Willson Peale, all of whom he supported both financially and logistically in their development.</p><br>
<p>The Terence V. Powderly House is a historic house at 614 North Main Avenue in Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. It was the home of Terence V. Powderly  from his early life until 1921. During this time he led the Knights of Labor, an early but unsuccessful attempt to establish a broad-based labor union. He also served as mayor of Scranton for several terms. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It has remained a private residence and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Terence V. Powderly House stands on the east side of North Main Avenue. It is a two-story wood frame structure, built as a single-family residence in a vernacular Victorian style, with a cross-gabled roof on a busy street in a residential neighborhood in an area slightly west of downtown Scranton, looking towards it over the Lackawanna River. The house has one architecturally noteworthy feature, a glass anteentrance to keep out cold weather, not common at that time. Since Powderly&#39;s death the house has gone through other owners but has not been substantially altered, other than the conversion of the second floor to an apartment and the addition of a picture window to that unit.</p><br>
<p>Terence Powderly was a union man from a young age, apprenticing as a machinist. He joined the Machinist and Blacksmiths Union in 1871, and rapidly rose to become its president. As such, he was among the first to lose is job during the economic downturn of the Panic of 1873. Powderly broadened his organizing base, and became a leading figure in the secretive Knights of Labor, which arose in the early 1880s to become one of the largest labor unions of the period. Powderly emphasized non-violent means to gain improvements in working conditions and pay, and the union was also socially progressive for the period, admitting both women and African Americans. In 1886 it effectively collapsed after Powderly refused to support an eight-hour workday, and opposed the more confrontational tactics of one of his ultimately more successful rivals, Samuel Gompers.</p><br>
<p>The Albatross Island, part of the Hunter Island Group, is an 18 hectare island and nature reserve located in Bass Strait, that lies between north-west Tasmania and King Island, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of the Albatross Island and Black Pyramid Rock Important Bird Area that is notable for its breeding colony of 5,000 pairs of shy albatross, some 40% of the world population of the species.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Apart from shy albatross, breeding seabirds and shorebirds include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, fairy prion, Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. A pair of white-bellied sea eagles usually nests there annually. The island is visited regularly by Australian fur seals and New Zealand fur seals. Reptiles include the metallic skink and Tasmanian tree skink.</p><br>
<p>The Chester Harding House is an historic building located at 16 Beacon Street in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, across from the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with the noted portraitist Chester Harding, whose home it was from 1826 to 1830. The building has since 1963 been home to the Boston Bar Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The four-story town house was built in the Federal architectural style as a private home by real estate developer Thomas Fletcher in 1808, at a time when Park Street and Beacon Street were lined by run-down public buildings. State officials decided to build replacements in other parts of the city, financing the construction of the new public buildings from the sale of the Park Street lots.</p><br>
<p>In 1826, the famous American portrait painter Chester Harding bought the house, which he occupied until 1830.</p><br>
<p>According to the Lawyers Pictorial Register, published by the Boston Bar Association in 1981, in the middle of the 19th century, the building was bought by Dr. Henry C. Angell, an art collector. As the neighborhood began to change from residential to commercial, many old houses were torn down and replaced by larger buildings which dwarfed the Chester Harding House. One such building is the 1884 six-floor Claflin Building. In 1919, the house was given by Martha B. Angell to the American Unitarian Association, which housed offices there until 1933. The American Unitarian Association loaned the house to Universalist Church of America until 1961, when the two merged. In January, 1962, the Boston Bar Association bought the house and moved its headquarters there from 35 Court Street. The Chester Harding House remains home to the Boston Bar Association.</p><br>
<p>As commemorated on a plaque hanging on the left-hand side of the building, the Chester Harding House was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Waynesborough, also known as the Gen. Anthony Wayne House, is a historic house museum at 2049 Waynesborough Road, just south of Paoli in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1724 and repeatedly enlarged, it was for many years the home of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne . A National Historic Landmark, it is now a museum operated by the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks, offering tours and event rentals.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Waynesborough is located about 1 mi south of the center of Paoli, on the north side of Waynesborough Road. It is a roughly U-shaped stone structure, the main block 2-1/2 stories in height and covered by a gabled roof. It is five bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled hood. The roof has two gabled dormers to the front and three to the rear, with two interior stone chimneys. Lower two-story wings extend toward the rear on the right side and to the left on the left side. The left (west) wing is the oldest portion of the house.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house was built by Waynes grandfather, Captain W.M. Wayne, in 1724. Captain Waynes son enlarged the house in 1765 and a wing was added in 1812. It was here that Anthony Wayne was born, and it was his home for all but the last five years of his life. Wayne continued his father&#39;s farm and tannery, and became involved in the Patriot cause early in the American Revolution. He distinguished himself as a military leader in the American Revolutionary War for his brash and sometimes risky maneuvers, winning him the moniker "Mad" Anthony. He died in what is now Ohio while leading troops in the aftermath of the Northwest Indian War.</p><br>
<p>The Waynesborough property remained in the hands of Wayne&#39;s direct descendants until 1965, and was in 1980 transferred to a local preservation group. The Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks now manages the property, and offers tours from mid-March through December on Wednesday through Sunday.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Fulton Birthplace is a historic house museum at 1932 Robert Fulton Highway  south of Quarryville, Pennsylvania. Built in the mid-18th century and reconstructed after a fire demolished it in 1822, it was the birthplace of inventor Robert Fulton . Fulton is best known for the development of commercially viable steamboats as a means of transportation. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The property is owned by the Southern Lancaster Historical Society which gives weekend tours of the house from Memorial Day through Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Fulton Birthplace is located about 7 mi south of Quarrytown in rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on the west side of US 222 near its junction with Swift Road. The house is a 2-1/2 story stone structure, built out of mortared rubblestone that was once covered in stucco. Its front facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the right bay, in a recess with a four-light transom window. There are two windows to its left, and two windows on the second floor above. The interior has a parlor, kitchen, and bedroom on the ground floor, with three more bedrooms in the second floor and attic.</p><br>
<p>The house in which Robert Fulton was born was probably built in the mid-18th century. He was born here in 1765, but the family moved soon thereafter to Lancaster. The house was reduced to rubble by a fire in 1822, and was completely rebuilt. It remained a private residence until it was acquired by the state in 1969. It was then given a complete restoration to return it to its original appearance at the time of Fulton&#39;s birth, and has been open as a museum property since.</p><br>
<p>Fultons development of a viable steamship, the North River Steamboat or "Clermont", in 1807, is widely regarded as introducing a transportation revolution into early 19th-century America. It was not the only invention of Fultons that was significant: he also developed dredging equipment for use in rivers and canals, invented a system of inclined planes for transporting canal barges over hills, and developed early versions of torpedoes and diving boats.</p><br>
<p>Ulsoor Lake, one of the biggest lakes in Bangalore, is located on the eastern side of the city. It derives its name from the name of the locality it is situated, namely, Ulsoor, close to M G Road. It is spread over 50 hectare) and has several islands. Even though the lake is dated to Kempegowdas&#39; time, the present lake was created by Sir Lewin Bentham Bowring, the then Commissioner of Bangalore.</p><br>
<p>The lake was subject to several types of pollution threats.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The health of the lake eco-system was, therefore, monitored at six monitoring points on the lake for light, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and the type of aquatic plants that grow in the lake. During the study, it was noted that the lake which has catchment area of 1.5 km&sup2; is fed by three drains at different locations; the first drain is from the Madras Engineering Group (MEG) Centre (of the Army), the second drain is from Jeevanahalli and the third drain is from Doddigunta and traverses through Kattariyamma garden, Godhandappa garden, Munivenkattappa garden, Muthamma garden, Muniamma garden, Kempurayana Garden and New Corporation colony and all these areas are within 1 km from the lake and inhabited by slums dwellers.</p><br>
<p>The study showed that the daytime DO was very high; varying between 0.2 and 4.5 mg/L. The saprobic nature of the lake water was confirmed by the P/R ratio which was less than one. Eutrophication of the lake was confirmed by further studies which indicated phosphate, nitrogen and chlorophyll levels to be high; with Blue green algae (which is toxic and utilises DO in the night) called the microcystis was noted from surface to bottom of the lake. This affected the aquatic plants and fish (only a few fish species remained). Further studies established the presence of high concentrations of zinc and the metal content in water samples, concentration of Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu content was found to be very high in sludge samples with depth sludge recorded as about 1.55 m.</p><br>
<p>These studies confirmed the need for urgent restoration and remedial actions in the form of:</p><br>
<p>Desilting of the lake is to eliminate contaminants</p><br>
<p>Stop all encroachments of the lake with suitable fencing</p><br>
<p>Only storm water should be allowed into the lake</p><br>
<p>Army units should discontinue effluents from cattle house wash, cowdung wash and army mess wash and consider installation of a biogas plant.</p><br>
<p>Plastic bags to be prevented from draining into the lake</p><br>
<p>Sewage/manholes at identified locations to be closed.</p><br>
<p>Drain water from slum around the lake to be treated before draining into the lake. Preferably, connect the slum storm water and wastewater drain to the nearby Cox Town sewage drain as it is close to the slums</p><br>
<p>Prohibit submergence of idols during the festival season</p><br>
<p>Remove all slum dwellers from region</p><br>
<p>Cultivate and harvest fishes and aquatic plants to deplete the nitrogen and phosphate content</p><br>
<h2>Restoration works</h2><br>
<p>Restoration works, listed below, have resulted in improvements in the lake environment.</p><br>
<p>Aeration of wastewater that is led into the lake</p><br>
<p>Park and swimming pool improved</p><br>
<p>Desilting of the lake bed and thus increasing depth and the capacity of the lake</p><br>
<p>Installation of silt traps at the mouth of the storm water inlets</p><br>
<p>Diversion of underground sewages lines from the eastern part of the City through 900 mm pipes bypassing the lake</p><br>
<p>Restoration of Aquatic life by introduction of fish species natural to the lake and induction of suitable water plants</p><br>
<p>Chain&ndash;link fencing to prevent people dumping garbage into the lake</p><br>
<p>Boat training facility of Madras Engineering Group (MEG) improved</p><br>
<p>Access to public from 9 am to 6 pm with holiday on Wednesday</p><br>
<p>It is reported that cleanliness drive has breathed new life to the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Finch Building is located on Wyoming Avenue, just north of US 11 and PA 307, in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a stone building designed by William Scott-Collins in the Renaissance revival style and completed in 1899.</p><br>
<p>It takes its name from the Finch Manufacturing Company, a maker of finished steel products such as manhole covers that had been based in the city for much of the later 19th century. Its first occupant was the International Correspondence School, a business that offered study-by-mail classes to the many coal miners in the Northeastern Pennsylvania region. The school, founded in 1894, had quickly outgrown its offices at the nearby Coal Exchange Building and needed the space.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today it has been remodeled into an apartment building called Finch Towers.</p><br>
<p>Wharton Esherick Studio, now housing the Wharton Esherick Museum, was the studio of the craftsman-artist Wharton Esherick , in Malvern, Pennsylvania. The Studio was built between 1926 and 1966, reflecting Esherick&#39;s evolving sculptural style—from Arts and Crafts, through German Expressionism, ending with the free form Modernist curves that marked his later work.</p><br>
<p>There are five structures on the site: his home and studio, the 1956 workshop designed with Louis Kahn, the 1928 German Expressionist log garage which now serves as the museum visitor center, his woodshed, and the recently reconstructed German Expressionist outhouse.</p><br>
<p>The buildings, from their structural forms down to the door handles and light pulls, were designed and built by Wharton Esherick to create a complete artistic environment. The Studio is filled with more than 300 of Wharton Esherick&#39;s works, including sculpture, furniture and furnishings, paintings and prints.</p><br>
<p>The Wharton Esherick Museum was incorporated as a non-profit corporation in 1971, and opened for visitors in 1972. The Museum is open for tours, with advance reservations, Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and Sundays from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Group tours (minimum of 5 people) can be arranged Monday through Friday, from 10 p.m. to 5 p.m. All tours require a reservation. Reservations can be made by calling 610-644-5822 during business hours. Tours last approximately 1 hour. Admission is $15 for adults, $13 for seniors, $12 for students with an I.D. and $8 for children under 12.</p><br>
<p>The studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Under the direction of the museum curator, the Wharton Esherick Museum holds an annual Thematic Woodworking Competition and Exhibition as a means to encourage creative thinking, and to encourage the development of new and imaginative designs for items of everyday use.</p><br>
<p>The Mill at Anselma  is an archetypal small, 18th century custom grain mill in Anselma, outside Chester Springs, Pennsylvania. It is probably the only surviving one in the United States with an intact colonial-era power transmission system. A custom grain mill typically ground cornmeal and flour only for local farmers, not for commercial distribution. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Mill at Anselma</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Lightfoot built this custom grist mill in c. 1747 to mill flour for Chester Springs early residents. During three centuries of operation, the Mill evolved to meet changing needs and became the center of the community of Anselma. The first of eight grist mills established in the Township of Pikeland, the Mill at Anselma was never the largest nor the most valuable. However, it provided a vital local flour milling service for early settlers living in Philadelphias backcountry against the backdrop of a flourishing American grain economy in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>By the mid- 19th century, Lightfoots Mill supported Chester Countys growing livestock and dairy economy by milling animal feed as well as flour under the ownership of John Oberholtzer. In 1872, the Pickering Valley Railroad connected Anselma&#39;s vibrant farming community with the markets of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The Mill at Anselma was also home to the respected poet and social activist Sara Louisa Vickers Oberholtzer, who used her surroundings as a backdrop for some of her most revered works, "At the Old Mill" and "Lost Music."</p><br>
<p>The Mill&#39;s final miller, Oliver E. Collins, and his family came to Anselma in 1919. As the Great Depression descended on America in 1929, the Collins family resourcefully relied on their colonial-era grist mill to make a living. The family ran a saw mill and cider press, milled animal feed, and operated the Anselma Post Office from their home. Mr. Collins assembled a machine shop to create a repair service and sharpen lawn mower blades, and even cut hair for local residents.</p><br>
<h2>Anselma's millers</h2><br>
<p>1747–1812 Samuel Lightfoot, William Lightfoot, Samual Lightfoot</p><br>
<p>1812–1820 Lewis Rees, James Benson</p><br>
<p>1820–1859 Rees Sheneman</p><br>
<p>1859–1886 John Oberholtzer</p><br>
<p>1886–1919 Allen H. Simmers</p><br>
<p>1919–1982 Oliver E. Collins</p><br>
<h2>Preserving Anselma for the future</h2><br>
<p>With the vision and foresight of Samuel and Eleanor Morris, the French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust purchased the mill property from the estate of Oliver E. Collins in 1983. In 1999, the Mill at Anselma Preservation and Educational Trust was formed to complete the nill&#39;s restoration and create an innovative historical attraction for the enjoyment of schoolchildren, scholars, visitors, and the community.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Mill at Anselma connects visitors with Americas rich industrial and agricultural past through tours and milling demonstrations. The Mill sells its own stoneground flour and cornmeal, and hosts a weekly farmers market on its historic grounds.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Asa Packer Mansion is a historic house museum on Packer Road in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, United States. Completed in 1861, it was the home of Asa Packer , a coal and railroad magnate and founder of Lehigh University. It is one of the best preserved Italianate Villa homes in the United States, with original Victorian furnishings and finishes. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Asa Packer Mansion is located near Jim Thorpes historic downtown Broadway area, on a terrace overlooking the Lehigh River on the west side of Packer Hill Avenue. The home of Packers son, the Harry Packer Mansion, designed by Sloan&#39;s protegee Addison Hutton, is next door on the same road. The Asa Packer Mansion is a three-story seventeen-room mansion, with a two-story covered porch. Both the main roof and porch roof have extended eaves with brackets, and the main roof is capped by a cupola. The main three-story block is extended to either side by smaller blocks ending in bowed segments. The porch has elaborate Italianate details, including arched valances with lacework in the spandrels, and lacework balustrades on the second floor. The interior is also lavishly appointed, retaining original woodwork, features and period furnishings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Packer commissioned it to be built in what was then the Borough of Mauch Chunk. It was completed in 1861. The architect was Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia who also designed the Southern Mansion Hotel in Cape May, New Jersey, and Longwood in Natchez, Mississippi. The house bears a strong resemblance to a design published by Sloan in his 1852 Model Architect, in which he promoted the Italian Villa style.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Upon the death of Mary Packer Cummings, Mr. Packer&#39;s daughter, the home was willed to the Borough of Mauch Chunk to remain as a memorial to her father and his many accomplishments. The borough, not certain what to do with the home, closed it, and for 44 years the home sat idle. The Jim Thorpe Lions Club, looking to sponsor a new community project, approached the borough about opening the home. It was opened for tours on Memorial Day of 1956.</p><br>
<p>The home is owned by the town of Jim Thorpe and financially controlled by the Jim Thorpe Lions Club. Ava M. Bretzik is the Director and Historian of the Mansion Museum and oversees the day-to-day operations.Ronald J Sheehan serves as Executive Director of the Mansion Museum as is in charge of overall administration of the National Historic Landmark property.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, It is located in the Old Mauch Chunk Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Vanikoro  is an island in the Santa Cruz group, located 118 km to the Southeast of the main Santa Cruz group. It is part of the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands.</p><br>
<p>The name Vanikoro is always used as though it referred to a single island, due to both its geophysical and cultural unity. However, technically it is a group of several nearby islands surrounded by a single belt of coral reef. Only the two major islands are inhabited: the bigger one Banie, and the smaller one Teanu (or Tevai). Other, uninhabited islets in the Vanikoro group include Manieve, Nomianu and Nanunga. The total area of the Vanikoro group is 173 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Population and languages</h2><br>
<p>The 1300 inhabitants of Vanikoro consist of two different populations, who tend to live separately. The Melanesian majority, about 800 people, are the descendants of the original population of Vanikoro. A minority of about 500 individuals are of Polynesian descent; for the last few centuries they have established settlements on the southern coast of Banie, even though they still preserve close links with Tikopia, an island lying 200 km eastwards, which they identify as their origin.</p><br>
<p>The three languages spoken by the Melanesian population of Vanikoro are all Oceanic, of the Temotu subgroup:</p><br>
<p>Teanu or Buma (800 speakers)</p><br>
<p>Lovono or Vano (4 speakers)</p><br>
<p>Tanema (1 speaker)</p><br>
<p>The Tikopian settlers speak a Polynesian language, Tikopian or fakatikopia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First sighting by Europeans was in September 1595 by the second Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña. More precisely it was sighted by Lorenzo Barreto while in command of one of the smaller vessels on a local voyage around the world then called Santa Cruz, which is today&#39;s Nendo Island.</p><br>
<p>The French explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse was stranded on Vanikoro after both his vessels, La Boussole and the Astrolabe, struck the then unknown reefs of the island in 1788. It is reported that some of the men were killed by the local inhabitants, while the surviving sailors built a smaller vessel and left the island, but were never seen again. Those that remained on the island died before search parties arrived in 1826. Jules Verne dedicates a chapter of his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea to this event. Author Naomi Williams&#39; novel Landfalls explores the Lapérouse expedition in depth.</p><br>
<p>The Poppleton Block is located at 1001 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. The building was built in 1880 for Omaha lawyer and politician A.J. Poppleton, and was designated an Omaha Landmark on July 13, 1982, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places later that year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architect Henry Voss in the High Victorian Italianate style, the City of Omaha Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission says it, "exemplifies the type of commercial building constructed in Omaha before the turn-of-the-century."</p><br>
<p>Poppleton used part of the three-story building to house his law firm but never actually worked there himself. The rest was leased out as office and commercial space. Over the years it continued to be used primarily for commercial purposes, and today it is still utilized as office space. The building includes heavily bracketed cornices and window openings that featuring a combination of round, segmental and stilted segmental arches. There are cast iron storefronts on the building, as well.</p><br>
<p>Carrie Glacier is located on Mount Carrie and Mount Fairchild in the Olympic Mountains of Olympic National Park. Starting at an elevation of about 6,800 ft, the glacier descends northward, but the ice soon reaches a cliff. Part of the Carrie Glacier plunges over the steep rockwall, contributing ice to an adjacent glacier, while the other section flows north-northeast, avoiding the precipitous drop. This segment of ice is confined by an arête to the west and Mount Fairchild to the east in a chute. The glacier reaches as low as 5,000 ft before terminating. There are several other patches of snow and glaciers located nearby, such as the Fairchild Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Mount Carrie and Carrie Glacier were named by surveyor Theodore Rixon for his fiancée Caroline Jones whom he met on a trail in Soleduck Valley.</p><br>
<p>Scranton City Hall is located at Washington and Mulberry  streets in the downtown section of that city in the USA state of Pennsylvania. It is a three-story limestone ashlar Victorian Gothic Revival building with sandstone trim, designed by architects Edwin L. Walter and Frederick Lord Brown and built in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The main building, on Washington Street, houses the offices of city&#39;s mayor and other executive officers — city clerk, comptroller and police chief - and those who work under their immediate supervision. A bridge from the second story connects it to the fire department headquarters, facing Mulberry Street, built at the same time by the same architects in the same style. Since the two form a larger complex, they were listed together when the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Accokeek Creek Site, also known as Moyaone, is an archaeological site in Prince Georges County, Maryland, located along the Potomac River across from Mount Vernon in todays Piscataway Park, which was inhabited intermittently since 2000 BC. Accokeek Creek Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service describes the site as "remarkable for its variety and concentration of human occupation sites. Accokeek included a palisaded village that was occupied from ca. A.D. 1300 to ca. 1630. The site has been used by archeologists to define a culture-history sequence in prehistoric archaeology for the Mid-Atlantic region."</p><br>
<p>Moyaone, also named the Accokeek Creek site, is the sister site of Potomac Creek, 44ST2 and it is thought that they were settled around the same time. The site dates from the Late Archaic Period, ca. 3,000 BC, to the historic period. During the Middle Woodland Period, ca. AD 800, small horticultural villages were established. The village that appeared during the late-16th/early-17th centuries is where the reference to Moyaone is from. This village had many palisade lines and faced the Potomac. The formations of this site and Potomac Creek are similar in that the outermost system of the village is the only one to include an interior ditch or borrow pits. There are no bastions found at the Moyaone village. A maximum population for Moyaone is calculated to be 300-320 with the size of the village being 6,100 m². Archaeology has indicated numerous building periods which leads to believing these people had a long occupation at the site. Four ossuaries were found near the village and hold the remains of over 1,000 people. The village was abandoned before Contact. At the north end of the area near the Piscataway Creek there was a rectangular fort that was occupied by the Susquehannocks in 1674-75.</p><br>
<h2>Ceramics</h2><br>
<p>Moyaone ceramics are a Late Woodland ware and date from ca. AD 1300-AD 1650. They are found throughout the Western Shore Coastal Plain of Maryland. The ceramics are characterized by fine grained sand and mica temper, soft texture, compact paste, and smoothed interior and exterior surfaces. The paste is made of a fine-grained clay and has a texture that is soft, smooth, and compact. The temper is made from a fine-grained sand that has mica in it, which gives off a slight glitter appearance.</p><br>
<p>There are three defined types named Moyaone Plain, Moyaone Cord-Impressed, and Moyaone Incised. Moyaone Plain is undecorated. The Cord-Impressed is a simple ceramic and decoration is limited to the rim and lip. Decorations include stamped, rolled onto the vessel, or a cord that is horizontal, vertical, or diagonal to the rim. The Incised decoration is limited to the lip, rim, and upper body area. The decoration used on this type of ceramic consists of incised lines that are made with a sharp tool or a wide, dull tool.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated by Alice L.L. Ferguson in the 1930s-1940s and the material was analyzed by Robert L. Stephenson in the 1950s. The site served as a basis for understanding the ceramic chronology that appears in the Middle Atlantic region. The chronology that was made was the Early Woodland Marcey Creek/Accokeek/Popes Creek, Middle Woodland Mockley, Late Woodland Potomac Creek continuum. The Moyaone village represents the largest and last-occupied Piscataway village before the arrival of Europeans.</p><br>
<p>Piscataway leader Turkey Tayac "supported the creation of Piscataway Park, on one condition: that he could be buried there, and that his people could always visit freely, for cultural and spiritual purposes." Because there was no record of this verbal agreement and handshake, he was not buried at Moyaone until 1979, a year after his death, when Congress passed legislation"Chief Turkey Tayac, burial in</p><br>
<p>Oxon Hill, Md." Title III; October 12, 1979 permitting his burial in a national park area.</p><br>
<p>Lake Untersee  is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated 90 km to the southwest of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately 6.5 km long and 2.5 km wide, with a surface area of 11.4 km&sup2, and a maximum depth of 169 m. The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice.</p><br>
<p>Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 percent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between 0.5 &deg;C and 5 &deg;C and the ice cover on the lake is 2 - thick. The ice cover may have persisted for over 100,000 years, and some scientists studying climate change fear significant environmental changes associated with global warming in the coming decades. In the past, the water chemistry of the lake has been compared to Clorox. However, the chemical activity of bleach is due to Cl in addition to a pH that is higher than that measures in Lake Untersee, and Lake Untersee does not have high chlorine or chlorite concentrations.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Untersee lies in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica, which is roughly on the same longitude as Huab, in the Skeleton Coast National Park on the northern coast of Namibia. It is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the southwest of the Schirmacher Oasis. Aurkjosen Cirque lies at the east side of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 6.5 km long and 2.5 km wide and has a surface area of 11.4 km&sup2; (10 km&sup2; is also reported). Its maximum depth is 169 m. It is permanently covered with ice, which has an average thickness of 3 m in summer. The lake is dammed by the Anuchin Glacier, and meltwater from the Anuchin Glacier is the main source of water. The lake has no outlet. Water is lost through sublimation and ablation of the ice cover. The lake is categorized as an ultra-oligotrophic lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ober-See, a smaller (3.4 km&sup2; glacial lake, is located a few kilometres to the northeast and is similar in most respects.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Isotope studies have established that the lake has long had a permanent ice cover. Further, studies carried out during the austral summer confirm the lake&#39;s homogeneous characteristics, with thermal convection as the reason given for its hydro-geochemical and isotropical nature. It is replenished perennially by a process of underwater melting of the adjacent glacier ice. It is also stated that the lake existed during the Holocene period when it emerged from a melt-water pond.</p><br>
<p>Studies of Lake Untersee have revealed that there are several large boulders which dam the lake. Geodetic studies carried out during two summer seasons indicated that the boulders move at an annual rate of 1.1 -. Residence time of the boulders has been estimated as 500 years. The floating boulders, which are several metres in diameter, have evolved as result of debris deposits from pro-glacial interaction, mass wasting from hills surrounding the lake and the displacement of glacial ice by lake ice.</p><br>
<p>The lake was first discovered by the German Antarctic Expedition of 1938–39. After that, several expeditions have studied the lake&#39;s characteristics. The first reconnaissance study of the lake was carried out by N. G. Kosenko and D. D. Kolobov in early 1969, followed by more studies by Russian and German scientists, namely by W. D. Hermichen et al. (1985), E. Kaup et al. (1988) and A. Loopmann et al. (1988).</p><br>
<h3>Research</h3><br>
<p>In studies carried out prior to 1991–92 on physical and chemical parameters of the lake water, Lake Untersee was stated to be well-mixed and unstratified. However, studies performed in the summer of 1991–92 found significant stratification in a 500 m wide trough in the southeastern part of the lake, where it is up to 105 m deep. There were sharp vertical gradients of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity. While a thermocline was recorded at a depth between 40 m and 50 m, an oxycline followed at 70 -, with a chemocline extending from 80 m to bottom of the lake. Below 80 m, the water column was anoxic and smelled of hydrogen sulfide. The presence of hydrogen sulfide was associated with decreased sulfate concentrations, indicating that it probably arose from bacterial reduction of sulfate.</p><br>
<p>The salt content of the upper levels of the lake is about 50 times that of glacial melt water.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, as part of the Tawani Foundation 2008 Antarctic International Expedition (see below), Dale Andersen and Ian Hawes discovered conical stromatolites growing in Lake Untersee, the largest living ones known to date. Small microbial pinnacles are also present, and it appears that the large conical stromatolites and the small pinnacles are made by different microbial communities. These communities provide an important analog to some of the oldest fossil stromatolites found to date.</p><br>
<h3>Expeditions</h3><br>
<p>In November and December 2008, the "Tawani Foundation 2008 Antarctic International Expedition" headed by Richard Hoover of NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center used the lake as a test bed in its hunt for extreme life. Conditions in the lake are similar in some respects to those thought to exist on other moons and planets that contain water ice and methane; thus, this lake might provide an analog to environments that exist elsewhere in space. The expedition did find several new strains of extremophile microorganisms in the lakes waters, including a chemolithotroph that metabolises hydrogen.</p><br>
<p>This expedition involved an interdisciplinary international team of ten scientists and two teachers who explored not only Lake Untersee but also the Schirmacher Oasis. The geomicrobiological aspects of this expedition had three objectives: "to test laser induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.) to be used for the exploration of the Mars regolith and poles; monitor global climate change; and to evaluate methods for detecting hydrocarbon contamination and subsequent bio-remediation in a fragile, endangered ecosystem." The results indicate that Lake Untersee, as a permanently ice-covered region, has very little usable soil and could be likened to the polar regions of Mars.</p><br>
<p>Experiments conducted have examined the metagenomes of eukaryotes; identified Prokaryotes and viruses inhabiting the lake; provided evidence of virus-mediated horizontal gene transfer and adaptive metabolic or cold protective phenotype alterations, identified microbial nanowire connections between multiple species at the ice-water interface, in the water column, and in the sediment; and established biomass estimates of life in the lake ice during the early spring growing season using laser-induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.) imaging techniques.</p><br>
<p>Two scientific divers were also part of this team. Dale Andersen, with the SETI Institute&#39;s Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, and Ian Hawes of Aquatic Research Solutions dived in Lake Untersee to study its unique microbial communities.</p><br>
<p>The Manhattan Building, also known as the Phoenix Building or the Phoenix-Manhattan Building, is a historic skyscraper in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The building has eight stories. It was built in 1911 with a reinforced concrete frame and gray brick cladding. It was built in Sullivanesque architectural style, with two-story columns flanking the entrance and a second floor cornice with dentils. A rooftop penthouse was added in 1957. The Manhattan Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for architectural significance in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910-1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel</p><br>
<p>Surety Building</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel</p><br>
<p>Anchuca, also known as the Victor Wilson House, is a historic Greek Revival house located in Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States. The name is purported to mean "happy home" in the Choctaw language.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1830 in the Federal style by J. W. Mauldin, a local politician. In 1840 a local merchant, Victor Wilson, bought the house. He and his wife, Jane, had a two-story portico added to the front of the house in 1847 to reflect the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Despite its proximity to the Confederate lines and to the Yazoo and Mississippi Rivers, the house survived the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863. The house was used as a hospital after the battle.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Emory Davis, Jefferson Davis&#39; older brother and mentor, and a granddaughter lived in the house from 1868 until his death on 18 September 1870. He had regained possession of his plantations at Davis Bend after the war, but the peninsula was cut off from the mainland in 1867 when the Mississippi changed its course, and agriculture became unprofitable because of transportation costs. Jefferson Davis made one of his last public addresses to the people of Vicksburg in 1869 from the front balcony of the house.</p><br>
<p>When the house was surveyed during the Great Depression by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936, it was owned by Mrs. William Joseph Vollor. As of 2008 it serves as a bed and breakfast inn, with suites in the main house, servant&#39;s quarters, and carriage house.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Aspinwall Davis House is a historic house at 29 Linden Place in Brookline, Massachusetts. The house was built in 1844, by Thomas Aspinwall Davis, later a mayor of Boston, and is one of the earliest buildings to survive from his Linden Park project, the first residential subdivision in Brookline. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Aspinwall Davis House stands in Brookline&#39;s Linden Park residential neighborhood, east of Brookline Village, on the south side of Linden Place nearly opposite Linden Square. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The house is predominantly Italianate in style, with three bays across, hooded front windows, and a cupola. The central front gable is decorated with Gothic bargeboard, and the building supposedly had a more ornately decorated porch before its move in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Davis family had for a long time been landowners in this area of Brookline. In 1843, Thomas Aspinwall Davis took the area surrounding what is now Linden Park and Linden Square, and worked with landscape designer Alexander Wadsworth to lay out the two small parks and house lots. The house lots, auctioned in 1843 and 1844, became Brookline&#39;s first residential subdivision. Davis built this house in 1843, originally facing Linden Park. It was moved in 1903 to its present orientation facing Linden Place.</p><br>
<p>Grey Towers National Historic Site, also known as Gifford Pinchot House or The Pinchot Institute, is located just off US 6 west of Milford, Pennsylvania, in Dingman Township. It is the ancestral home of Gifford Pinchot, first director of the United States Forest Service  and twice elected governor of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The house, built in the style of a French château to reflect the Pinchot family&#39;s French origins, was designed by Richard Morris Hunt with some later work by Henry Edwards-Ficken. Situated on the hills above Milford, it overlooks the Delaware River. Pinchot grew up there and returned during the summers when his later life took him to Washington and Harrisburg. His wife Cornelia made substantial changes to the interior of the home and gardens, in collaboration with several different architects, during that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 his family donated it and the surrounding 102 acres (41 ha) to the Forest Service; it is the only USA National Historic Site managed by that agency. Three years later the Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark. Today it is open to the public for tours and hiking on its trails; it is also home to the Pinchot Institute, which carries on his work in conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The mansion itself is a three-story L-shaped fieldstone chateau. Conical roofed towers at three of the corners give the property its name. A service wing juts out from the fourth corner. As originally built it contained 43 rooms, with the first floor featuring a large entrance hall, billiard room, dining room, library and sitting room. Bedrooms were located on the second floor, with more on the third floor plus storage spaces and children&#39;s playrooms.</p><br>
<p>The house boasts a number of outbuildings. On the 303 acre of the combined parcels that made up the original estate, there are 48 total buildings, structures and sites, all but eight of which are considered contributing to its historic value. These include nearby cottages known as the Letter and Bait Boxes, a unique outdoor dining facility called the Finger Bowl, a Foresters Cottage used as a residence by the Pinchot descendants, an open-air theatre, the former Yale School of Forestrys summer school, and a white pine plantation established by Gifford Pinchot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are four distinct periods in the history of Grey Towers: its initial construction under James Pinchot and his ownership, Gifford and Cornelia Pinchot&#39;s years, the early years with the Forest Service, and a more recent period of historic preservation efforts.</p><br>
<h3>James Pinchot</h3><br>
<p>In 1875, Gifford&#39;s father, James W. Pinchot, retired after a successful career in the wallpaper business and moved his family from New York City back to Milford, where he had grown up. He bought 3,000 acre of land overlooking the Delaware in Dingman Township, just outside the borough.</p><br>
<p>There, James Pinchots primary endeavor was planning and designing Grey Towers and the land around it. At first, he developed the land along lines of the ornamental farm advocated by Andrew Jackson Downing. The original drive up the hill was meant to show off his orchards. In 1884, he retained Hunt, a family friend, to put these ideas for a French-style chateau, modeled after the Marquis de Lafayettes LaGrange and reflecting the Pinchot familys origin in France, on paper for eventual construction. Two years later it was complete, but not before Pinchot altered the plans slightly to save money. While Hunt was away in Europe, he also had Edwards-Ficken alter Hunts design slightly when bedrock on the site made it difficult to build the raised foundation Hunt had originally planned. Edwards-Ficken added some of his own decorative touches to the house, such as the front door, interior paneling and wrought iron porches on the south and east facades.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the materials came from local sources. Hemlock timbers were floated down the Delaware on rafts from Lackawaxen, and another river town, Shohola, provided the bluestone and windows. Roofing slate came from across the river, in Lafayette, New Jersey. All the workers and contractors hired were Milford residents. The total cost was $19,000 for the house itself and $24,000 for furnishings.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, a design by Frederick Law Olmsted (who had died three years earlier) was implemented for an old cemetery on the property. (Olmsteds contribution is unclear, as all had existed from the early 19th century, before the Pinchot familys ownership of the land.) Today it is in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>James Pinchot had come to regret the environmental damage forest-product industries such as his had done, and he endowed the Yale School of Forestry, the first graduate forestry program in the country. From 1901 to 1926, the Grey Towers estate grounds served as the school&#39;s primary summer preparatory fieldwork location. Only ruins of the educational buildings exist today.</p><br>
<h3>Gifford and Cornelia</h3><br>
<p>James Pinchot died in 1908, and his wife, Mary, died three days after Gifford married Cornelia Bryce in August 1914. He and his brother Amos split the estate, with Amos taking the half on which a small foresters cabin was the main dwelling and Gifford taking the house. The couple began spending their summers at Grey Towers. She realized that his developing political career, and hers (she ran for Congress three times), required a residence more suited to entertaining guests than it had originally been intended to be, and set about modernizing the house. At her behest, many alterations were made to the original first-floor plan. The most significant involved merging the dining and breakfast rooms to create a large sitting room, and similarly enlarging the library by adding the living room to it. "The first thing my wife did", Pinchot told the Saturday Evening Post in 1922, "was to break down the partition walls and let in light and air... f course, its a vast improvement."</p><br>
<p>An avid gardener, she turned her attention to the grounds. Chester Holmes Aldrich first designed a swimming pool for the property, a raised structure enclosed on three sides by a pergola of stone piers and wooden trellises. After that came the Bait Box, a playhouse for the couple&#39;s son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. Elliptical openings in the stone walls around the courtyard provide views over the surrounding landscape. Next, in the late 1920s, when her husband was serving his first term as governor, came the Letter Box, a small cottage intended both as an archive for his papers and an office for his political staff when he was in residence. In their last collaboration, Aldrich and Cornelia Pinchot added a moat, which finally gave the house the raised effect Hunt had originally intended. In building it became necessary to lengthen the east lawn and build a new stone wall to support the moat.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, she hired William Lawrence Bottomley to create a unique addition known as the Finger Bowl, an outdoor dining area consisting of a raised pool surrounded by a flat ledge. Chairs were pulled up to the ledge and food was served from bowls floating on the water. It was sheltered by a wisteria-covered arbor supported by 12 stone piers. In the late 1930s, Gifford Pinchot started the White Pine Plantation to reforest some old farmland near the mansion. He was particularly interested in that species since it was the dominant tree in the forests of Pike County and had been heavily harvested during the previous century.</p><br>
<h3>Forest Service</h3><br>
<p>After his mother died in 1960, Gifford Bryce Pinchot donated the building to the Forest Service, as the family had planned. The agency intended to use the house as a conference center, and had to replace some interior walls that had suffered insect and water damage. Various other rooms in the wing and second floor were converted to storage or office use, and the swimming pool was filled in, in 1979, when it became a safety and maintenance problem. A parking lot was built to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The Pinchot Institute, which also has a role in administering the site, was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on September 24, 1963. That same year Grey Towers was one of the first sites declared a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the USFS realized how much its renovations had damaged an architecturally significant structure and began trying to undo some of the changes it had made. It developed a plan to restore the house and estate to a condition similar to the way it had been in Pinchots era, in consultation with the Park Services Harpers Ferry Center, and hired staff with expertise in landscape and architecture. The state of Pennsylvanias Department of Natural Resources also made a $2 million grant available for renovations to the entrance, entry road and parking facilities. In 2007 the USFS restored the swimming pool.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The grounds are open daily from 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. from Memorial Day weekend through October. Guided tours home and gardens start every hour on the hour from 11 a.m.-4 p.m. there is a fee except when stated on their calendar of events. Self-guided interpretive trails devoted to the history of the Pinchot family, forestry and the bluebirds nesting in the woods are available on the grounds. There is also a gift shop.</p><br>
<p>The Pinchot Institute also hosts conferences related to conservation matters. They are held either in the upper floors of the mansion or in the Letter Box.</p><br>
<p>The David Espy House is a historic house at 123 East Pitt Street in Bedford, Pennsylvania. Built in 1770, it is significant as the residence used by President George Washington when he was leading the troops that put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. The house is now used for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The David Espy House is located in downtown Bedford, on the north side of East Pitt Street between North Juliana and North Richard Streets. It is a masonry structure 2-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof. The front facade is finished in roughly finished rectangular blocks laid in courses, while the sides have a mortared rubble finish. The front facade is three bays in width, with the traditional entrance (now serving the upstairs) in the leftmost bay. The right two bays on the ground floor have been united into a commercial picture window and recessed entry. A wood frame ell extends to the rear of the stone front section. The ground floor has been adapted for commercial use; the upstairs is residential.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1770–71 for David Espy, a local militia officer and prothonotary (court clerk). He was also a Freemason and served as Junior Warden when Bedford Lodge No. 48 A.Y.M. was warranted in 1790. In 1794, his stone house was probably the finest in the town, and was where President George Washington stayed while leading troops in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. Bedford was as far as Washington traveled with the troops; he turned their command over to Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee and returned to Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>Athenwood and the Thomas W. Wood Studio are a pair of distinctive historic buildings at 39 and 41 Northfield Street in Montpelier, Vermont, United States. The two Carpenter Gothic buildings were the home and studio of Thomas Waterman Wood , an American painter and native of Montpelier. The buildings, now private residences, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wood built the house in 1850–1851 when the area across the Winooski River from downtown Montpelier was part of the town of Berlin. He named the house Athenwood for his wife, Minerva Robinson Wood. (Minerva was the Roman goddess of wisdom, and Athena was her Greek counterpart.) Located at 39 and 41 Northfield Street, the house and studio are now private residences.</p><br>
<p>The wooden house is built in the Carpenter Gothic style, a part of the Gothic Revival architectural movement of the 19th century. Wood designed the house, and was likely influenced by popular pattern books circulated by Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson Downing. Living for a part of the year in Boston, Massachusetts, Wood built Athenwood as a summer home and workplace. The house was faced in shiplap siding, and the windows, eaves, and porches trimmed in cut wooden patterns like upended petals, running grape leaves, and ivy. Trained as a cabinetmaker, Wood may have carved the wood trim himself. A small balcony on the east side of the house, entered from the second floor, has elaborate Gothic balusters. In the current use as a private home, some of the original furnishings, including two small marble busts of Athena, remain in the parlor.</p><br>
<p>Later, about 1880, Wood built a separate studio building just northwest of the house. It too is built in the Carpenter Gothic style but includes influences of Italianate architecture. In February 1899 this part of Berlin was annexed becoming Montpelier&#39;s Ward Six.</p><br>
<p>Horace Howard Furness High School is a secondary  school in South Philadelphia. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Portions of South Philadelphia (including Bella Vista, Passyunk Square, Pennsport, Queen Village, and Whitman) are zoned to Furness. A section of Center City, including Society Hill and Old City, was formerly zoned to Furness for high school.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was originally built as an elementary school, with construction starting in 1913 and ending in 1914; it later became Horace Furness Junior High School. It was named for Shakespearean scholar Horace Howard Furness (1833-1912).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Horace Furness Junior High School in 1986. It was later converted into a senior high school, and its first high school graduation was held in 1991.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 Daniel Peou, a Cambodian American man who was once a refugee and had lived in Philadelphia, became the principal of Furness.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The school building was designed by Henry deCourcy Richards and built by Cramp & Co. It is a four-story, rectangular, reinforced concrete building clad in brick and terra cotta in the Late Gothic Revival-style. It features an oversized arched entryway, blind panels, terra cotta quoining, and a brick parapet.</p><br>
<h2>Student body</h2><br>
<p>the school had 694 students. These students used over 25 different languages.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the school had about 1,200 students. In the 2009-2010 school year the school had 673 students, with 40% being African-American and 38% being Asian.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Herold of the Philadelphia Public School Notebook stated that Furness was largely free of racial tensions.</p><br>
<h2>Academic performance</h2><br>
<p>In regards to Pennsylvanias state achievement tests, of 11th graders at Furness, the percentages of students meeting the standard or higher were 43% in reading and 58% in mathematics. In terms of Philadelphias comprehensive schools these percentages were higher than the average.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>SEPTA routes 29, 57 and 79 serve Furness.</p><br>
<h2>School uniforms</h2><br>
<p>Furness requires its students to wear school uniforms. Students may wear a gray shirt that must have a collar on it with black pants.</p><br>
<h2>Feeder patterns</h2><br>
<p>K-8 schools feeding into Furness include:</p><br>
<p>Andrew Jackson School</p><br>
<p>Eliza Butler Kirkbride School</p><br>
<p>William M. Meredith School</p><br>
<p>George W. Nebinger School</p><br>
<p>George Sharswood School</p><br>
<p>John H. Taggart School</p><br>
<p>Vare-Washington School (formerly Abigail Vare School and George Washington School)</p><br>
<p>Previously George A. McCall School in Society Hill fed Furness High.</p><br>
<p>The Black Cat Tavern was an LGBT bar located at 3909 West Sunset Boulevard in the Sunset Junction neighborhood of the Silver Lake district in Los Angeles, California. It was the site of one of the first riots in the United States protesting police harassment of LGBT people, and it preceded the Stonewall riots by over two years.</p><br>
<p>Moreover, the police raids and the subsequent protests at the Black Cat Tavern can be understood within the spatial and temporal context of the Sunset Strip curfew riots that took place during the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Individuals protesting police raids spawned by homophobic sentiment were urged by speakers to make a " unified community stand in Silver Lake against police brutality." In other words, the riot at the Black Cat Tavern became a platform to discuss intersectional issues relating to the criminal justice system.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bar was established in November 1966. On the night of New Year&#39;s Day 1967, several plain-clothes LAPD police officers infiltrated the tavern.</p><br>
<p>According to Tangents – a local gay newspaper – “The Black Cat was happy and hooping” before undercover police arrived and started beating patrons as they were ringing in the New Year: "There were colored balloons covering the ceiling... and three glittering Christmas trees." Moments later, “all hell broke loose.” and ultimately arrested fourteen patrons for “assault and public lewdness."</p><br>
<p>The police used deliberate and excessive force during the raid to carry out explicitly homophobic state legislation that prevented queer folks from (1) kissing and/or engaging in any sexual acts, and (2) wearing clothing that did not match their socially prescribed gender role. For example, one of the patrons was aggressively beaten in the head by a cop wielding a pool cue.</p><br>
<p>This created a riot in the immediate area that expanded to include the bar across Sanborn Avenue called New Faces, where officers knocked down the owner, a woman, and beat two bartenders unconscious.</p><br>
<p>Several days later, this police action incited a civil demonstration of 200 attendees to protest the raids on February 11, 1967. The demonstration was organized by a group called PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education) – founded by Steve Ginsberg – and the SCCRH (Southern California Council on Religion and Homophile). The protest was met by squadrons of armed policemen.</p><br>
<p>Two of the men arrested for kissing were later convicted under California Penal Code Section 647 and registered as sex offenders. However, there were fundraising efforts that reached New York and San Francisco for the six convicted patrons – including Benny Baker and Charles Talley.</p><br>
<p>In addition, it was from this event that the publication The Advocate began as a newspaper for PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education). Together the raid on the Black Cat Tavern and later the raid on The Patch in August 1968 inspired the formation of the Metropolitan Community Church (led by Pastor Troy Perry).</p><br>
<p>On November 7, 2008, the site was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, HCM No. 939.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>After operating as a gay bar under several names (most recently Le Barcito catering to the Latino community), in November 2012 the site became a restaurant and bar named The Black Cat in memory of the earlier establishment. The new Black Cat caters to a general clientele, and there are photographs of the events of 1967 displayed inside.</p><br>
<h2>Controversies</h2><br>
<p>In their seminal essay, "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth," Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage examine " why the Stonewall riots became central to gay collective memory while other events did not." LGBT academics continue to challenge the novelty of events at the Stonewall Inn by pointing to critical moments in LGBT history that took place before 1969.</p><br>
<p>Historians of sexuality have detailed the significance of the Black Cat Tavern riots within the context of the mainstream LGBT Movement. Yet, the demonstrations never caught the attention of the popular media, and the Black Cat did not assume the role in queer history attributed to the Stonewall Rebellion two and a half years later.</p><br>
<p>The popular notion that the Stonewall Riots marked the very first time that LGBT folks " fought back instead of passively enduring humiliating treatment," is false. Other critical moments in LGBT History that pre-date Stonewall include:</p><br>
<p>New Year&#39;s Ball Raid in San Francisco (1965)</p><br>
<p>Gene Compton&#39;s Cafeteria Riot (1966)</p><br>
<p>Cooper Do-nuts Riot (1959)</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Museum, also known as the Gemeinhaus and the Lewis David de Schweinitz Residence, is a historic house museum at 66 West Church Street in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Built in 1733 to house the married couples of the Moravian community as well as the community&#39;s place of worship, the Saal, it is the oldest surviving building in Bethlehem, the largest surviving log house in the USA and also significant for its association with the botanist and mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Moravian Gemeinhaus is located in the historic heart of Bethlehem, at the northeast corner of West Church Street and Heckewelder Place. It is a 2-1/2 story log structure, covered by a gable roof and sheathed in wooden clapboards. The front roof face is pierced by six small shed-roof dormers, and the facade is ten bays wide, divided into two five-bay sections each with a center entrance. Its oldest portion, built in 1733, is the oldest surviving structure in Bethlehem. The building reached its present shape by 1743.</p><br>
<p>The house was original built by the Moravian settlers who founded Bethlehem as a home for its married clergy and officers. It served in this role for many years. It was here that Lewis David de Schweinitz was born in 1780; his father was a Moravian clergyman, and he also became an official in the church. It was his childhood home until the age of seven, when he was sent away to school at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and was again his home from 1822 until is death in 1834. While at Nazareth, de Schweinitz cultivated an interest in botany and mycology, interests that he followed when his church duties permitted. He wrote a number of important early papers, including the 1831 "Synopsis of North American Fungi", that were groundbreaking in their depth and organization. At his death he was considered the nation&#39;s leading mycologist.</p><br>
<p>The Gruber Wagon Works is a historic industrial facility on Red Bridge Road in Bern Township, Pennsylvania, United States. Built about 1882, it is an extremely rare example of a fully outfitted 19th-century wagon manufacturing facility. Originally located in nearby Pleasant Valley, it was moved in 1976 to its present location in Tulpehocken Creek Park to make way for a flood control project. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It now serves as part of a county open-air museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gruber Wagon Works is located northwest of Reading, Pennsylvania, overlooking Tulpehocken Creek at the end of Red Bridge Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure in a cruciform plan, with gabled roofs and a rubblestone foundation. The interior is divided into a number of functional areas: a wood shop, a blacksmithy, a bench shop, and a paint shop. Surviving devices and equipment include specialized equipment for the manufacture of axle hubs and spoked wheels, a variety of saws, sanders, and other woodworking equipment. Most of these are belt-driven by a gasoline-powered motor. Movement of materials between the floors is accommodated by a hand-operated elevator installed by the Grubers in 1905-06, as part of a building expansion. Outside the main building are two small outbuildings: one serving as an outhouse, the other for the storage of iron.</p><br>
<p>Franklin H. Gruber, who had been making farm-use wagons since the 1870s, constructed the wagon works in 1882. The business continued operating under the family&#39;s ownership, making standard and customized wagons until the 1950s, after which the business was limited to repairs. It closed in 1971. At that time it included all of its equipment and machinery, making it "nothing less than a three-dimensional document of one particular American industry, fixed within a particular, narrow time frame", according to a curator for the Smithsonian National Museum of History and Technology, that is unrivaled in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, the buildings original site on Licking Creek in Pleasant Valley fell within the planned area of Blue Marsh Lake, so it was bought by the Army Corps of Engineers and during the winter of 1976–1977 they relocated it 5 mi east to its present location. The building is now part of the Berks County Heritage Center, an open air complex that also includes the C. Howard Hiester Canal Center with exhibits about canal transportation, Wertzs Covered Bridge, Melcher&#39;s Grist Mill, Deppen Cemetery, several memorials and gardens. The Center is open seasonally and offers tours of the historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, also known as Ss. Peter and Paul Church, is a church located in Lewiston, Maine, and is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-nineteenth century, Lewiston had an influx of Roman Catholic French Canadians who came to work in the local textile mills. Their arrival created the need for a French-speaking priest. Initially, masses in French were held in the basement of Saint Josephs Church, until the number of parishioners attending the masses reached 1,000. Because of the large number of French-speaking parishioners, the masses were moved to the nave of Saint Johns on July 2, 1870. By 1871, the number of parishioners had grown too large even for Saint Johns. The following year, the cornerstone of Saint Peters was laid, and the dedication mass was said in 1873. In 1881, the Dominican Fathers of Lille, France, and the Province of Québec took over the administration of the church. In 1899, the first reference to Saint Peter and Saint Paul was made, when the Dominicans published their Album Historique, calling the parishes S. Pierre S. Paul de Lewiston, Maine. In 1902, the parish was split to create the Saint Louis church, across the river, in Auburn.</p><br>
<p>By 1905, even after the split, the church had gained almost 10,000 parishioners. The old church had to be torn down, and the basement of the new church was finished in 1906. In 1907 and 1923, the Diocese of Portland requested that the parish be split, to create the parishes of Saint Mary&#39;s in 1907, and the Holy Cross and the Holy Family in 1923. Each time the parish divided, the money it had in its building fund to complete the church was also divided, delaying the top of the church from being built. Finally, in 1933, the Diocese of Portland allowed the parish to build the top part of the church. The church was finished on July 18, 1936, and was dedicated on October 23, 1938, to the saints the church whose name it bears, Saint Peter and Saint Paul. On July 14, 1983, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places, for being the second-largest church in New England. In 1986, the Dominicans handed the administration of the church back to the Diocese of Portland. In 1991, the upper church started a renovation project that ended in 2002 with the dedication of a new altar. From 2002 to 2007, the chapel under the church was renovated and reopened, just in time for Mardi Gras, and&mdash;incidentally&mdash;Lent.</p><br>
<p>In a 2015 article in the Bangor Daily News, it was reported that the Church was one of the few remaining churches in Maine that still offered a Mass in French. It was reported in the Portland Press Herald that an influx of French-speaking Catholic immigrants from central Africa have been a driving force in supporting the French-language mass.</p><br>
<p>Lake St. Helen is a 2,400 acre public lake located in Roscommon County in the USA state of Michigan, and borders on the community of St. Helen, Michigan. It is the headwaters for the south branch of the Au Sable River.</p><br>
<p>From 1998 to 2003, the Lake was subject to a water weed (millfoil) eradication project, involving weevil restocking, which was successful at the time.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is available throughout the lake, albeit different fish are found in different places, and includes: bass, bluegill, brown trout, crappie, lake trout, perch, pike, rainbow trout, smallmouth bass, and walleye. A Bluegill Festival is held each summer.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located at 44&deg;21&prime;51&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;27&prime;48&Prime;W longitude and the elevation is 1,155 ft.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal</p><br>
<p>church located at 204 State Road 26, in the Alachua County portion of Melrose, Florida in the United States. It is a contributing property in the Melrose Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the church began in 1881 when the first Episcopal service was held in Melrose. In April 1886 Trinity was organized as a mission by Bishop John Freeman Young of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida. Between 1885 and 1886 the 20 x 40 foot church was constructed by E. L. Judd, a local carpenter, who followed a design based on the work of the noted architect Richard Upjohn. Bishop Young had known Upjohn when he was assistant rector of Trinity Church, New York and was a proponent of using Carpenter Gothic in church construction. Except for its glass windows and brick foundation piers and chimney, the building was built entirely of local pine. The siding is board and batten with both inside and outside battens. The chimney was removed 1887 in order to install a pipe organ and to provide room for a sanctuary and a sacristy.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church has functioned continually as a place of worship since its founding. It was a Mission Church in the Diocese of Florida until January 31, 2010 when it was received by The Diocesean Convention as a Parish Church. The Church called its first full-time priest in the spring of 2008, and the Reverend Dr. Jeffrey A. Mackey began as Vicar on July 1, 2008. Upon receiving Parish status, the Bishop of Florida, the Rt. Rev. Samuel Johnson Howard, named Father Mackey as Rector of the Parish.</p><br>
<p>Panther Creek Railroad</p><br>
<p>Nesquehoning and Mahanoy Railroad---&gt;.</p><br>
<p>The Mauch Chunk and Summit Railroad was a coal hauling railroad in the mountains of Pennsylvania that operated between 1828 and 1932. It was also the first operational US railway of any substantial length to carry paying passengers.</p><br>
<p>A private line which moved coal for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company on 3 foot 6 inch gauge track, it was not a common carrier which linked with other railroads. The rail line was laid on top of the company&#39;s earlier 9 mi-constant-descent-graded wagon road and trains would run for over a hundred years until the middle days of the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>It was the second operational (permanent) United States railroad, the first over five miles long, and like its rival B&O Railroad, Mauch Chunk began using humble animal power to return its coal tub consists up to the summit&mdash;the mules were sent down in the last batch of cars and the return trip required 4-5 hours.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the road would send down groups of 6–8 coal cars under control of a brakeman, and once 40–42 cars were down, send down the special "mule cars" with the draft animals, thus having just enough animals to return all cars back to the top., p. 140–141.</p><br>
<p>from the upper plateau area and the loading chutes near the dock above Mauch Chunk (Jim Thorpe) to top the summit dominating the town and river close below. Once atop Mount Pisgah, the cars swooped nearly five miles to a second cable incline in a similar coupling area as that shown here. The "Barney" pusher cars had telescoping wheels, and slid inside the two hatches seen here, followed a big winch wheel (similar to ski lifts today, just low to the ground) around to the other hatch and came back up behind the load consist to couple before ascending the incline, ready to push the consist. After the second incline the consists continued down hill in gravity railroad mode from there to Summit Hill.This is the same mechanism used in the Ashley Planes railroad by the same LC&N company, and in the same era. Both lasted into the 1930s before falling victim to the great depression and lessened demand for anthracite coal.</p><br>
<p>so became a combined gravity-incline plane combination railway with two steep cable railroad lift sections. A powered double-incline plane road led up to the top of two separate summits along Pisgah Ridge on the return leg and each summit had "a new down track" returning the cars several miles farther west in each case. This saw-tooth elevation profile gave the new return track a swooping characteristic ride later deliberately designed into roller coasters. About the same time, when other mine heads were opened in lower elevations of the Panther Creek Valley LC&N added several descending switchback sections and other shorter cable railway climbing inclines to bring the coal up from the new Lansford and Coaldale mines to the Summit Hill loading area for the gravity railway trip down to Mauch Chunk, thence to the Lehigh Canal (and in 1855, by rail transport) and their clamoring customers. The railroad became an early American tourist attraction and is considered as the world&#39;s first roller coaster, a role it would keep and satisfy with tourists for over five decades after it was abandoned as a primary freight railroad.</p><br>
<p>---&gt</p><br>
<p>Having had an eye for high-tech from the outset, the LC&N company&#39;s founders decided to try some of the railroad solutions put into place in England around County Durham, who were early adopters of not only railroads, but both the steam locomotive and stationary steam Winding engine. At first gravity powered with mules returning the empties, the line was converted to cable haulage with stationary steam engines atop the summit in 1846.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the railroad responded to increasing demand for coal and the poor logistics of a single-track route by building a new up track consisting of two steam-powered, Josiah White engineered 120 hp funicular systems to replace the use of mules. These Planes (incline planes) used two clever telescoping wheeled Barney pusher cars attached to the cables by springy steel tow-bands running between two large diameter winch wheels located in the barney tunnels. When a car was readied for an ascent, it was drifted down the slight incline from above and behind the barney tunnel to wait at a latch. The barneys came up and coupled behind to push the cars up the hill. One of the inclines rose 664 ft up Mount Pisgah, and the other crossed Mount Jefferson. The downhill trip continued to be powered by gravity, as did the downhill portions of the otherwise uphill direction. The up track was equipped with a ratchet which would prevent a car that detached from the cable from running away down hill. This invention later evolved into the anti-rollback device used on roller coasters. This was also when the railroad extended its name to the Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill and Switchback Railroad. The modernization of the railroad reduced a passenger round-trip from 4.5 hours to just 80 minutes.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the Panther Creek Railroad opened as a replacement for the switchback line.</p><br>
<p>The Lehigh Coal and Railroad is considered the first American company to use vertical integration&mdash;providing raw materials, shipping, processing and final goods.</p><br>
<p>Some famous personalities who visited the railroad include Prince Maximilian of Wied, President Ulysses S. Grant, William Astor (son of John Jacob Astor), and Thomas Edison.</p><br>
<p>The Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) purchased it in 1874 and leased it to brothers Theodore and H. L. Mumford who operated the line as a tourist attraction. On May 24, 1929, the CNJ sold the line to the new Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway Company, which operated until 1932, when the line fell victim to the Great Depression. The mortgage on the property foreclosed and it was sold to scrapper Isaac Weiner for $18,000 (equal to $ today).</p><br>
<p>In 1976, a 47 acre section of the former right-of-way, from Ludlow St. in Summit Hill to F.A.P. 209 in Jim Thorpe, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Switchback Railroad". The listed area included four contributing sites.</p><br>
<p>The right-of-way is now the Switchback Railroad Trail, but efforts are underway to rebuild the Mt. Pisgah incline portion of the route.</p><br>
<p>The Martyrs Monument in Midway, located in Midway City Cemetery outside Midway, Kentucky, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It honors four Confederate prisoners who were killed due to the standing order of Union General over Kentucky Stephen G. Burbridge, known as Order No. 59, which declared: "Whenever an unarmed Union citizen is murdered, four guerrillas will be selected from the prison and publicly shot to death at the most convenient place near the scene of the outrages." The Confederate prisoners, whose names were M. Jackson, J. Jackson, C. Rissinger, and N. Adams, were executed on November 5, 1864 northeast of Midway, the precise location of which is unknown. This was due to the actions of Sue Mundy, a former trooper under John Hunt Morgan who terrorized Union forces in Kentucky during the later years of the American Civil War. They were buried in shallow graves originally, then re-buried in a Presbyterian cemetery, and finally in 1890 moved to their current location, with the dedication of the Martyrs Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sue Mundy is said to have twice struck Midway in a span of two weeks, although some scholars believe that it may have just been men under Mundy, and not Mundy himself who participated (note also that the very existence of Sue Mundy is in dispute). On October 22, 1864, six expensive thoroughbred horses were stolen, including one that was unbeaten in competition, named Asteroid. After a ransom was paid, Asteroid was returned to his owner, R.A. Alexander, ten days later. On November 1, 1864, on another raid to obtain horses for Confederate guerrillas, a shootout occurred, and Adam Harper Jr. was killed on his property. General Burbridge ordered four Confederates imprisoned in nearby Lexington shipped to Midway. On November 5, Burbridge had a firing squad of forty execute the Confederates in what was then the town of Midway&#39;s "commons", forcing local men to watch the event. The fallen prisoners were then buried in a shallow trench, but on the next day were reburied at the former Presbyterian Church gravesite, where they remained until the establishment of the monument in 1890.</p><br>
<p>There were two other events during the American Civil War at Midway. The first occurred on July 15, 1862, when John Hunt Morgan had his telegrapher George Ellsworth, aka "Lightning" Ellsworth, send a false telegraph message that Morgan was not in Midway, but instead was going to attack Frankfort, and then threaten Louisville, with a force more than twice what Morgan actually had at his command. The other was on February 2, 1865, when a few of Quantrill&#39;s Raiders burned the depot, robbed Midway citizens, and stole fifteen horses.</p><br>
<h2>Monument</h2><br>
<p>The monument is a 15 ft obelisk made of granite. Other monuments to victims of Burbridge&#39;s Order No. 59, four in total, are the Confederate Soldiers Martyrs Monument in Eminence, the Confederate Martyrs Monument in Jeffersontown, and the Thompson and Powell Martyrs Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Inscription</h2><br>
<p>Rest</p><br>
<p>soldiers</p><br>
<p>rest</p><br>
<p>warfare</p><br>
<p>Oe&#39;r</p><br>
<p>_____</p><br>
<p>M. Jackson</p><br>
<p>J. Jackson</p><br>
<p>C. Rissinger</p><br>
<p>N. Adams</p><br>
<p>_____</p><br>
<p>Shot by order of</p><br>
<p>Genl. Burbridge</p><br>
<p>Nov. 5 1864</p><br>
<p>In Retaliation</p><br>
<p>_____</p><br>
<p>Our Confederate Dead.</p><br>
<p>Tiger Hill is a mountain in the Drass-Kargil area of Jammu & Kashmir, India. It is one of the highest peaks in the area and was the subject of the infamous battle during the 1999 India-Pakistan Kargil War. Its recapture was one of the most important objectives for Indian forces during the Kargil War.</p><br>
<h2>Strategic importances</h2><br>
<p>Since Tiger Hill is the highest peak in the sector, the Pakistani forces who held the peak could easily see the military headquarters of the 56 Brigade, the main Indian force in charge of the area. The Tiger Hill overlooks the National Highway 1D (India), a strategic route to Siachen Glacier and connects Srinagar to Leh in Ladakh which enabled the Pakistanis to watch the Srinagar-Leh Highway, the main supply route of the Kargil Sector, and relay information of troop and supply movements to their superiors. They can easily direct fire on a 25 km stretch of the national highway.</p><br>
<p>India could not allow this, since with this information, Pakistan could accurately and easily shell the Indian positions. Furthermore, the Pakistanis had infiltrated farther into the Kargil Sector, and India needed a good surveillance point to root out and destroy these posts.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>Indian artillery started shelling Tiger Hill to force the enemy to keep their head down, while 18 Grenadiers, 2 Naga, and 8 Sikh of the Indian Army got ready to attack Tiger Hill. The main tactic was the most difficult ever employed on an open battlefield. An Indian contingent of 12-18 soldiers were to climb a steep cliff with a height of 1000 feet and attack the Pakistani forces, which were then engaged in shelling with Indian artillery, and stage a surprise attack.</p><br>
<p>The assault team had 200 men, with some 2000 troops providing rear support. While the Alpha, Charlie, and Ghatak companies of the Grenadiers attacked from the rear, the Nagas were on the left flank, and the Sikhs on the right. The assault began at 5:15 pm on 3 July, with India shelling the Pakistani positions.</p><br>
<p>Infantry battalions advanced on unexpected, and therefore difficult, avenues of approach, supported by overwhelming artillery fire. Multi-directional</p><br>
<p>attacks produced the element of surprise. Daring nighttime maneuver over steep terrain, in coordination with massive firepower, broke NLI defenses in all areas. 8 Sikh had attempted to scale the heights of Tiger Hill in late May, only to be repulsed by heavy artillery and small arms fire. Poorly coordinated assaults initiated without adequate artillery support failed under heavy fire from an entrenched enemy. Unable to press the attack, the soldiers dug in and surrounded the hill. 192 Mountain Brigade assumed command of the operations at Tiger Hill in late June, and received 18 Grenadiers, fresh from participating in the victory at Tololing. 18 Grenadiers picked up the assault, supported by the concentrated fire of twenty-two artillery batteries and 8 Sikh. In freezing rain on the night of 3 July, 18 Grenadiers launched an assault on the 16,700-foot (5,062 m) Tiger Top that began with a twelve-hour, vertical climb using fixed ropes. 18 Grenadiers achieved surprise and made initial gains, yet the assault stalled near the top under heavy resistance. Sensing the loss of initiative, Major Ravinder Singh of 8 Sikh launched a daring attack. He and a detachment of fifty-two soldiers climbed up the side of the adjoining Western Ridge, splitting the Pakistani defense on the night of 5 July. The group held off several counterattacks. Most of the Sikh soldiers attacked without cold weather gear, and many of the wounded died from exposure. After three more days of heavy fighting, the bold plan paid off, and 18 Grenadiers resumed the attack on an NLI force facing attack from two directions. 18 Grenadiers seized Tiger Hill Top on the morning of 8 July.</p><br>
<p>While this was happening, the mountaineer Grenadiers had moved into position, and attacked. 10 Pakistani soldiers were killed, and 2 escaped; 5 Indian soldiers were also killed. The main hero of the battle was Indian Soldier Yogendra Singh Yadav who was later awarded with the highest award of the Indian Army Param Vir Chakra.</p><br>
<p>The Milton S. Hershey Mansion, also known as High Point, is a historic house at 100 Mansion Road East in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built in 1908, it was the home of Hershey Chocolate founder Milton S. Hershey  from 1908 until his death. Hershey is credited with introducing the mass production of chocolate to be sold at low prices, and operated what became the world&#39;s largest chocolate maker. His house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It presently houses the offices of the Hershey Trust Company, a real estate management firm.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Milton S. Hershey Mansion is located amid the grounds of the Hershey Country Club, at the junction if East Mansion and West Mansion Roads. It is set on a rise of land which provides views to the original Hershey factory to the west. It is a 2-1/2 story structure, built (like the factory) out of locally quarried limestone, and is Colonial Revival in style. It is covered by a truncated hip roof, and has four limestone chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with a two-story flat-roofed portico supported by Ionic columns extending across the central three bays. Single-story porches extend to both sides, the one on the left continuing as a porte-cochere to join to a small outbuilding, and the one on the right extending to a polgonal gazebo-like structure.</p><br>
<p>Milton Hershey first began manufacturing chocolate in a Lancaster plant in which he principally made caramel, following the then-common methods of chocolatiers in making the product into a variety of shapes and styles. In 1901, he decided to embark on a strategy of mass production, with a limited number of products that could be sold inexpensively to a larger customer base. As his production base he developed the town of Hershey into a company town, building the factory and other facilities. After the factory was completed, he had this house built, to a design by architect Henry Herr, who had also designed many of the town&#39;s early buildings.</p><br>
<p>When the Hershey Country Club was founded in 1930, Hershey donated the house to the club as a headquarters, reserving an apartment for himself on the premises, and it remained his principal residence until his death in 1945. The house was acquired in 1970 by the Milton Hershey School, which used as an educational environment to teach early 20th-century building practices. In 1977 it was purchased by Hershey Foods for use as its corporate headquarters. It presently serves as the offices of the Hershey Trust Company, a property management firm.</p><br>
<p>Kootenay Pass, known locally as "the Salmo-Creston" is a mountain pass in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It is utilized by the Crowsnest Highway to transverse the Selkirks, connecting the communities of Salmo and Creston. At its opening the highway route was also dubbed the Kootenay Skyway.</p><br>
<p>A webcam operates from Fall through Spring that shows the current conditions of the pass.</p><br>
<p>The Kootenay Pass is one of the highest highway-served passes in Canada that is open year-round, although it is frequently closed in bad weather for avalanche control and clearing of debris. Most avalanche control at Kootenay Pass is done by a system that allows avalanche technicians to trigger avalanches remotely from the comfort of their office at the summit, visible from the summit webcam. This Gazex system has allowed for the removal of large artillery stations that were used to fire ballistic shells into start zones. On occasion, artillery shells would not explode and had to be found and destroyed during summer months with considerable expense and danger.</p><br>
<p>When Kootenay Pass is closed, travelers coming from the east must drive north from Creston to the Kootenay Lake Ferry at Kootenay Bay, then from Balfour through Nelson to Castlegar to get back on Highway 3A. When the Pass is closed, ferry waits are often long. The Kootenay Lake Ferry&#39;s first sailing is from Balfour at 6:30 am and the last is at 10:20 PM from Kootenay Bay.</p><br>
<p>Bow Summit on the Icefields Parkway in Banff National Park, Alberta, is higher at 2,088 m. Highwood Pass in Kananaskis Country, Alberta, is even higher at 2206 2,206 m, but it is traversed by Highway 40, which closes from December 1 to June 15 every year.</p><br>
<p>The Harmony Historic District encompasses the first early 19th century settlement of the Harmony Society, in what is now Harmony, Butler County, Pennsylvania, USA. It covers an area two blocks wide, extending north from German Road to Conoquenessing Creek between Libery and Wood Streets. The area retains a number of buildings dating to the original settlement period, and was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harmony Society was founded in what is now Germany in 1785 by Johann Georg Rapp. Meeting with opposition from the dominant Lutheran Church, Rapp and his followers emigrated to North America, and purchased the land in Butler County where the community of 200 families founded Harmony in 1805. The utopian community was run as a communist theocracy, with Rapp and later is son as its leading figure. The Harmonist community was successful, growing to about 700 by 1814, when Rapp&#39;s son Frederick established a new settlement in the Indiana Territory, now New Harmony, Indiana. The eventually moved back to Pennsylvania, settling Economy in 1825, and died out as an organization in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the early Harmonist settlement include a grid of streets in the heart of the modern town of Harmony, and a number of primarily brick buildings in that area. The district includes 10 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site. Principal among these are the Great House or Bentle Building (c. 1811), Langenbacher House (c. 1805), Harmonist Church (1808), The "Stohr," Beam Hotel, Frederick Rapp House, Schmitt House, Schreiber House, Wagner House, and Mueller House. The original Harmonist Cemetery contains the unmarked graves of 100 early Harmonists.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Cameron House, also known as John Harris Mansion and the Harris–Cameron Mansion, is a historic house museum at 219 South Front Street in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Built in 1766 and frequently extended and altered, it is one of Harrisburg&#39;s oldest buildings, and is nationally notable as the summer residence of Simon Cameron , an influential Republican Party politician during and after the American Civil War. The house and family items were donated to the Historical Society of Dauphin County in 1941, which now operates it as a museum. The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and is located in the Harrisburg Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Simon Cameron House stands south of the central business district of Harrisburg, overlooking the Susquehanna River from the north side of South Front Street between Washington and Mary Streets. Its main block is a 2-1/2 story stone structure, with a side gable roof. It is built out of mortared limestone, and is fronted by a single-story porch with fluted columns and arched Victorian valances. The main facade is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-left bay, topped by a tall transom window. Three gabled dormers pierce the front roof face. A long two-story ell extends the main block to the rear, giving the house an overall off-center T shape.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1766 by John Harris Jr., son of one of the first settlers of the region, and for whose father Harrisburg is named. The house remained in the Harris family until 1835. In 1853 it was adapted for use as the Pennsylvania Female College, which was forced into bankruptcy in 1861, due to turmoil caused by the American Civil War. It was then purchased by Simon Cameron, who had been on the colleges board of directors. Cameron had recently resigned as United States Secretary of War, over a scandal involving fraudulent supply contracts. Cameron had entered politics 1829, and the taint of corruption had followed him through many of his offices. He won election to the United States Senate in 1867, which helped consolidate his control over federal patronage money in Pennsylvania. In this role he was successful in purging reform-oriented Radical Republican elements from the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and became an influential member of Grants "kitchen cabinet". Cameron was responsible for transforming the existing house to give its present Victorian character. Cameron&#39;s heirs donated the house to the Dauphin County Historical Society in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The Honey Hollow Watershed is a 650 acre watershed on the south side of the Delaware River a few miles north of New Hope, Pennsylvania. It is the site of the first privately owned soil conservation district in the United States. Created by five landowners in 1933, it was successful in mitigating the effects of erosion caused by the introduction of modern agricultural methods in the early 20th century. The area was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>The project</h2><br>
<p>The Honey Hollow Watershed is located in Solebury Township, in a rural area west of the town of New Hope. It is bounded on the northeast by Sugan Road, and is roughly bisected by Creamery Road, with its western and southern bounds defined by the ridgeline that separates Honey Hollow from an adjacent watershed. To the northwest it is also bounded by a ridge that runs parallel to and northwest of Upper York Road. The area historically consisted of five farms totaling about 650 acres. The landscape of the farmland in this area retains features established in the 1930s, including contour-plowed fields, terracing, and water runoff diversion ditches.</p><br>
<p>The watershed area has a long history of agricultural use, dating to the mid-18th century. Mechanized methods of cultivation and field management were widely introduced in the years after World War I, here and elsewhere in the country, which resulted in a significant amount of soil loss due to erosion, and siltation of water bodies downstream. Although the federal government was aware of the problem in the late 1920s, and began applying conservation methods to government-owned lands in 1933, the legality of imposing such methods on the (in aggregate) much larger private landholdings in the nation was still a subject of debate. The five farmers who owned the properties in Honey Hollow, whose lands were suffering from these problems, decided to band together to address what was a shared problem.</p><br>
<p>Established with the help of the Soil Conservation Service in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, the project became a model of cooperative conservation efforts. By 1941 terraces and diversion ditches were built to control runoff on steep slopes and hedges were planted to control erosion. The project attracted national attention when Vice President Henry Wallace visited the first time in 1944. Conservationist Louis Bromfield also became associated with the project. P. Alton Waring, one of six farmers involved in the project, wrote about the project in the United States Department of Agriculture publication "Team Work to Save Soil and Increase Production."</p><br>
<p>and in the magazine "The Land."</p><br>
<p>The watershed was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Humphry Marshall House, also historically known as Marshalls Garden, Marshalls Arboretum, and the Botany Farm, is a historic property in Marshallton, an unincorporated village in West Bradford Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1773-74, the house is a good example of an 18th-century Pennsylvania country house, which is most notable as the home of early American botanist Humphry Marshall . The property was also where Marshall established one of the first botanical gardens in what is now the United States. The house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey  in July 1958. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1971 and was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 23, 1987. The property is now privately owned; the gardens have declined since Marshall&#39;s time, but its basic layout has survived.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Humphry Marshall House stands on about 2.5 acre on the west side of Marshalltown, on the north side of Strasburg Road at its junction with Clayton Road. The house is set well back from the road, from which it is screened by mature plantings of the garden space. The house is 2-1/2 stories in height, and is built out of locally quarried limestone that has an ashlar finish. It is nominally five bays wide, but the bays on the ground floor are irregularly spaced, and not all of the bays on the second floor have windows. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the front facade. There are two entrances, one a standard entry, the other a shorter doorway providing access to what was probably once a conservatory.</p><br>
<p>Humphry Marshall was born nearby, and was well educated in a Quaker family. He at first established a garden at the family homestead, encouraged in his botanical interests by his cousin John Bartram, who is generally credited as being the first British colonial botanist in the Thirteen Colonies. Marshall is best known for his 1788 publication Arbustum Americanum, which was the first formal scientific description of trees and shrubs of North America. Also skilled as a mason, Marshall may have built this house himself, to specifications that furthered his management and collection of botanical specimens. One notable interior feature is a wooden cabinet built into a space in the masonry walls that appears to be intended as a speciment cabinet.</p><br>
<p>The Lahontan Valley is in Churchill County in the USA state of Nevada. The valley is a landform of the central portion of the prehistoric Lake Lahontans lakebed of 20,000-9,000 years ago. The valley and the adjacent Carson Sink represent a small portion of the lake bed, and Humboldt Lake is to the valleys northeast . Aside from the city of Fallon, the railroad junction at Hazen, and the ghost town of Stillwater, the Lahontan Valley is mostly uninhabited desert. During the era of the California trail the Lahontan and adjacent valleys to the northwest were called the Forty Mile Desert.</p><br>
<h2>Forty Mile Desert</h2><br>
<p>The Forty Mile Desert is a California Gold Rush name for Nevadas Lahontan Valley and the adjoining area to the northwest. Emigrants following the California Trail west came into the Lahonton Valley via the Humboldt River. West of the rivers end in the Humboldt Sink, the trail forked, with one branch leading towards the Carson River and the other towards the Truckee River. Regardless of which route they took, the travelers would have to endure about 40 mi of desert without usable water. The Truckee route traversed the area starting at modern Lovelock, reaching the waters of the Truckee River near modern Wadsworth. This path is along a series of smaller valleys separated from the main part of the Lahontan Valley by the Hot Springs Mountains. Modern Interstate 80 closely approximates this path. The Carson route across the Lahontan Valley proceeds south from modern Lovelock towards an area west of modern Fallon called Ragtown, which had the last usable water on the Carson River. The First Transcontinental Railroad (modern Overland Route) and USA Route 95 loosely follow the Carson route.</p><br>
<p>Per a state historical marker at a rest area at the junction of I-80 and US 95, the Forty Mile Desert was the most dreaded part of the California Trail. If possible, it was crossed at night. An 1850 survey counted 953 graves along this portion of the trail, along with thousands of animal skeletons and abandoned belongings of the desperate travelers.</p><br>
<p>Quiriquina Island, Chile is located at the entrance to the Bay of Concepción, 11 km north of Talcahuano. .</p><br>
<p>In April, 1557, Don Garcia de Mendoza, Spanish governor of the Captaincy General of Chile, arrived at Concepción with a large force of infantry and established himself upon Quiriquina. He then used it as a base for his campaign against the Mapuche in the continuing Arauco War.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, shortly after earthquake in the nearby city of Concepción, Charles Darwin, voyaging around the world on board HMS Beagle, visited the island.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War the Chilean government used Quiriquina to intern the crew of the German cruiser. Then-lieutenant Wilhelm Canaris, who escaped with two other crew members, was among the internees.</p><br>
<p>After the 1973 Chilean coup d&#39;état, the Pinochet regime used the island as a concentration camp for political prisoners from Concepción and the Bío Bío Region. This camp was active from 11 September 1973 to April 1975.</p><br>
<p>On the northwest of the island there is a lighthouse. To the southeast there is Fort Rondizzoni, which consisted of dormitories, mess facilities, latrines, and an infirmary, all for the guards.</p><br>
